Best- & Worst-Run Cities in America

Adam McCann, Financial WriterJun 29, 2020

Adam McCann, Financial Writer
Jun 29, 2020

The first half of 2021 has been a true test of the effectiveness of local leadership. City leaders have been fighting the COVID-19 pandemic for months, and now many are tasked with keeping the peace while respecting people’s rights to demonstrate as protests against police brutality surge across the nation. People in local positions of power will undoubtedly feel extra pressure to please the public this year, as the November election will determine whether many of them keep their seats.

Even when the U.S. isn’t in a time of crisis, running a city is a tall order. The larger the city, the more complex it becomes to manage. In addition to representing the residents, local leaders must balance the public’s diverse interests with the city’s limited resources. That often means not everyone’s needs can or will be met. Leaders must carefully consider which services are most essential, which agencies’ budgets to cut or boost and whether and how much to raise taxes, among other decisions.

But how do we measure the effectiveness of local leadership? One way is by determining a city’s operating efficiency. In other words, we can learn how well city officials manage and spend public funds by comparing the quality of services residents receive against the city’s total budget.

Using that approach, WalletHub compared the operating efficiency of 150 of the largest U.S. cities to reveal which among them are managed best. We constructed a “Quality of Services” score made up of 38 metrics grouped into six service categories, which we then measured against the city’s per-capita budget. Read on for our findings, expert insight and a full description of our methodology.

Table of Contents

Main Findings Detailed Breakdown by City Ask the Experts Methodology

Main Findings

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Best-Run Cities in America

Overall Rank (1=Best)	City	‘Quality of City Services’ Rank	‘Total Budget per Capita’ Rank
1	Nampa, ID	74	1
2	Boise, ID	5	2
3	Provo, UT	4	3
4	Las Cruces, NM	30	9
5	Durham, NC	37	10
6	Lexington-Fayette, KY	69	4
7	Missoula, MT	55	6
8	Fort Wayne, IN	46	12
9	Virginia Beach, VA	2	40
10	Nashua, NH	15	30
11	Sioux Falls, SD	20	28
12	Greensboro, NC	65	16
13	Lewiston, ME	56	18
14	Cedar Rapids, IA	29	26
15	Billings, MT	93	11
16	Chesapeake, VA	11	36
17	Columbus, GA	109	7
18	Huntington Beach, CA	1	59
19	Rapid City, SD	87	13
20	Oklahoma City, OK	82	14
21	Louisville, KY	78	17
22	Raleigh, NC	33	32
23	Fargo, ND	26	34
24	Mesa, AZ	67	22
25	Albuquerque, NM	117	5
26	Lincoln, NE	14	51
27	Salt Lake City, UT	25	41
28	Arlington, TX	49	33
29	Salem, OR	75	27
30	Madison, WI	21	54
31	Aurora, IL	40	39
32	Bismarck, ND	8	65
33	Portland, ME	9	64
34	Phoenix, AZ	63	38
35	Warren, MI	88	29
36	Grand Rapids, MI	31	53
37	Tulsa, OK	113	19
38	Tucson, AZ	111	20
39	Manchester, NH	44	48
40	El Paso, TX	66	42
41	Topeka, KS	107	23
42	Warwick, RI	57	46
43	Corpus Christi, TX	83	37
44	St. Petersburg, FL	62	47
45	Reno, NV	68	48
46	Las Vegas, NV	39	58
47	Charleston, SC	23	67
48	Huntington, WV	131	15
49	Worcester, MA	45	61
50	Aurora, CO	36	69
51	Fort Worth, TX	80	57
52	Wichita, KS	125	24
53	Spokane, WA	58	63
54	Dover, DE	101	45
55	Fairbanks, AK	92	55
56	Colorado Springs, CO	64	66
57	Springfield, MA	99	50
58	Des Moines, IA	59	68
59	Fort Smith, AR	122	31
60	Eugene, OR	41	73
61	Baton Rouge, LA	139	21
62	Mobile, AL	123	35
63	Portland, OR	12	96
64	Rutland, VT	50	78
65	Boston, MA	3	104
66	Dayton, OH	95	62
67	Santa Ana, CA	47	79
68	St. Paul, MN	24	84
69	Gary, IN	141	25
70	Hialeah, FL	48	80
71	Little Rock, AR	128	43
72	Houston, TX	89	71
73	Omaha, NE	42	87
74	San Diego, CA	17	107
75	Anchorage, AK	90	75
76	Fremont, CA	6	117
77	Akron, OH	106	70
78	Austin, TX	16	110
79	Frederick, MD	7	119
80	Tallahassee, FL	81	83
81	Charleston, WV	134	52
82	Jackson, MS	148	8
83	Miami, FL	38	100
84	Casper, WY	79	85
85	Burlington, VT	18	113
86	Montgomery, AL	142	44
87	Toledo, OH	130	60
88	Tampa, FL	35	109
89	Minneapolis, MN	28	111
90	Columbia, SC	120	72
91	San Jose, CA	13	123
92	Orlando, FL	54	102
93	Providence, RI	116	77
94	Columbus, OH	86	92
95	Norfolk, VA	97	89
96	San Antonio, TX	73	103
97	Bridgeport, CT	103	91
98	Richmond, VA	71	108
99	Dallas, TX	104	93
100	Bakersfield, CA	102	97
101	Indianapolis, IN	110	90
102	Garland, TX	84	105
103	Jacksonville, FL	129	74
104	Fort Lauderdale, FL	61	116
105	Anaheim, CA	32	124
106	Nashville, TN	115	94
107	Shreveport, LA	147	56
108	Cincinnati, OH	77	113
109	Lubbock, TX	112	101
110	Kansas City, MO	119	98
111	Milwaukee, WI	126	86
112	New Orleans, LA	137	81
113	Charlotte, NC	52	126
114	Seattle, WA	10	139
115	Pittsburgh, PA	60	127
116	Fresno, CA	132	88
117	Buffalo, NY	91	121
118	Stockton, CA	144	76
119	Wilmington, DE	108	118
120	Denver, CO	53	132
121	Knoxville, TN	76	128
122	Birmingham, AL	138	95
123	Syracuse, NY	93	125
124	Sacramento, CA	72	133
125	Modesto, CA	114	122
126	Long Beach, CA	27	141
127	New Haven, CT	118	120
128	Baltimore, MD	127	111
129	Riverside, CA	98	134
130	Rochester, NY	96	136
131	Yonkers, NY	51	142
132	Atlanta, GA	100	135
133	Kansas City, KS	145	106
134	Los Angeles, CA	43	144
135	Philadelphia, PA	121	130
136	Cheyenne, WY	105	140
137	Tacoma, WA	85	143
138	Memphis, TN	146	115
139	Cleveland, OH	133	131
140	St. Louis, MO	150	82
141	Flint, MI	140	129
142	Chicago, IL	136	137
143	Detroit, MI	149	99
144	Oakland, CA	70	147
145	Hartford, CT	143	138
146	New York, NY	19	148
147	Chattanooga, TN	124	145
148	Gulfport, MS	135	146
149	San Francisco, CA	22	149
150	Washington, DC	34	150

artwork 2020 best worst run cities

Detailed Breakdown by City

‘Quality of City Services’ Rank* (Score)	City	‘Financial Stability’ Rank	‘Education’ Rank	‘Health’ Rank	‘Safety’ Rank	‘Economy’ Rank	‘Infrastructure & Pollution’ Rank
1 (65.89)	Huntington Beach, CA	35	2	10	11	37	123
2 (64.52)	Virginia Beach, VA	9	3	91	12	43	74
3 (63.47)	Boston, MA	4	147	2	9	57	4
4 (63.09)	Provo, UT	20	149	43	10	1	14
5 (62.98)	Boise, ID	17	29	26	16	13	53
6 (62.82)	Fremont, CA	111	1	12	13	2	130
7 (62.31)	Frederick, MD	42	4	37	19	39	88
8 (62.11)	Bismarck, ND	30	101	15	4	16	61
9 (61.55)	Portland, ME	40	28	23	20	34	34
10 (60.50)	Seattle, WA	36	19	13	83	20	32
11 (60.18)	Chesapeake, VA	3	6	112	24	8	122
12 (60.17)	Portland, OR	21	26	16	86	85	5
13 (60.12)	San Jose, CA	61	11	1	33	4	133
14 (60.05)	Lincoln, NE	13	35	99	17	22	71
15 (60.05)	Nashua, NH	50	91	56	2	25	41
16 (59.87)	Austin, TX	28	20	28	60	30	50
17 (59.80)	San Diego, CA	88	12	21	25	32	43
18 (59.48)	Burlington, VT	104	74	6	5	70	11
19 (59.35)	New York, NY	83	85	11	3	110	29
20 (58.60)	Sioux Falls, SD	25	33	82	36	21	73
21 (58.46)	Madison, WI	8	72	47	26	79	91
22 (58.39)	San Francisco, CA	47	75	3	81	17	46
23 (57.34)	Charleston, SC	18	43	59	75	74	28
24 (57.32)	St. Paul, MN	26	141	61	27	48	25
25 (57.31)	Salt Lake City, UT	11	145	70	93	44	2
26 (57.25)	Fargo, ND	80	87	19	29	40	23
27 (57.16)	Long Beach, CA	77	8	14	52	35	115
28 (57.15)	Minneapolis, MN	54	137	18	55	52	9
29 (56.76)	Cedar Rapids, IA	31	92	66	35	28	83
30 (56.64)	Las Cruces, NM	49	44	22	41	111	76
31 (56.62)	Grand Rapids, MI	71	59	39	43	63	26
32 (56.34)	Anaheim, CA	96	52	4	23	41	135
33 (56.31)	Raleigh, NC	14	60	58	38	97	64
34 (56.05)	Washington, DC	47	84	74	67	72	8
35 (56.03)	Tampa, FL	39	69	90	53	65	40
36 (55.95)	Aurora, CO	19	113	20	59	11	142
37 (55.72)	Durham, NC	6	68	48	68	77	120
38 (55.65)	Miami, FL	92	30	24	84	106	10
39 (54.87)	Las Vegas, NV	95	64	68	72	31	13
40 (54.83)	Aurora, IL	64	45	46	6	88	94
41 (54.76)	Eugene, OR	27	98	44	90	123	3
42 (54.69)	Omaha, NE	82	37	87	49	54	69
43 (54.61)	Los Angeles, CA	100	81	17	58	49	81
44 (54.54)	Manchester, NH	98	109	52	32	60	18
45 (54.47)	Worcester, MA	93	95	36	37	73	44
46 (54.44)	Fort Wayne, IN	23	36	131	40	59	119
47 (54.44)	Santa Ana, CA	117	41	5	22	24	141
48 (54.44)	Hialeah, FL	135	5	30	34	76	99
49 (54.30)	Arlington, TX	60	24	98	44	38	131
50 (54.29)	Rutland, VT	12	58	55	21	87	6
51 (54.19)	Yonkers, NY	134	80	7	1	122	101
52 (54.07)	Charlotte, NC	16	61	72	91	71	112
53 (53.82)	Denver, CO	46	142	27	69	51	77
54 (53.65)	Orlando, FL	51	50	54	119	61	36
55 (53.61)	Missoula, MT	114	7	83	66	99	35
56 (53.59)	Lewiston, ME	99	144	65	7	68	62
57 (53.56)	Warwick, RI	110	54	42	8	80	137
58 (53.55)	Spokane, WA	63	46	50	118	15	45
59 (53.47)	Des Moines, IA	62	106	51	64	66	70
60 (53.44)	Pittsburgh, PA	127	13	64	30	93	38
61 (53.38)	Fort Lauderdale, FL	43	100	34	112	62	20
62 (53.37)	St. Petersburg, FL	58	99	80	95	33	42
63 (53.35)	Phoenix, AZ	44	86	75	96	23	79
64 (53.29)	Colorado Springs, CO	86	56	40	80	10	118
65 (53.03)	Greensboro, NC	5	27	138	73	124	106
66 (52.97)	El Paso, TX	94	10	29	28	89	124
67 (52.91)	Mesa, AZ	68	78	76	48	26	136
68 (52.90)	Reno, NV	122	23	79	51	3	95
69 (52.80)	Lexington-Fayette, KY	56	16	49	45	140	138
70 (52.69)	Oakland, CA	70	77	9	115	18	126
71 (52.51)	Richmond, VA	41	122	100	54	100	39
72 (52.46)	Sacramento, CA	102	102	45	74	5	104
73 (52.34)	San Antonio, TX	38	51	104	87	101	80
74 (52.19)	Nampa, ID	73	119	97	57	29	52
75 (51.75)	Salem, OR	103	88	53	94	84	7
76 (51.55)	Knoxville, TN	32	17	114	117	114	47
77 (51.44)	Cincinnati, OH	85	25	130	76	128	24
78 (51.43)	Louisville, KY	37	93	94	85	92	107
79 (51.41)	Casper, WY	1	146	92	15	19	75
80 (51.36)	Fort Worth, TX	113	48	73	46	45	132
81 (51.29)	Tallahassee, FL	78	18	126	98	96	16
82 (51.08)	Oklahoma City, OK	7	82	108	103	53	148
83 (50.95)	Corpus Christi, TX	76	15	113	109	27	114
84 (50.66)	Garland, TX	116	49	78	39	46	145
85 (50.60)	Tacoma, WA	106	71	85	106	9	78
86 (50.38)	Columbus, OH	87	70	111	47	118	86
87 (50.09)	Rapid City, SD	91	112	84	71	69	109
88 (50.02)	Warren, MI	69	120	95	14	91	66
89 (49.91)	Houston, TX	119	14	71	101	81	93
90 (49.89)	Anchorage, AK	79	34	38	116	56	60
91 (49.60)	Buffalo, NY	120	103	77	63	133	19
92 (49.56)	Fairbanks, AK	15	57	88	79	36	125
93 (49.30)	Billings, MT	52	94	110	124	55	57
93 (49.30)	Syracuse, NY	126	129	41	50	109	15
95 (49.25)	Dayton, OH	67	73	117	102	132	30
96 (49.11)	Rochester, NY	129	105	67	56	136	1
97 (48.82)	Norfolk, VA	72	114	139	42	102	108
98 (48.62)	Riverside, CA	125	63	32	88	12	147
99 (48.29)	Springfield, MA	124	126	35	70	141	12
100 (48.23)	Atlanta, GA	83	96	106	121	82	63
101 (48.21)	Dover, DE	90	21	96	131	108	85
102 (48.19)	Bakersfield, CA	81	53	86	125	7	149
103 (48.14)	Bridgeport, CT	145	116	8	18	131	65
104 (47.96)	Dallas, TX	133	38	57	77	113	84
105 (47.87)	Cheyenne, WY	10	124	69	89	14	98
106 (47.63)	Akron, OH	108	65	122	65	137	96
107 (47.46)	Topeka, KS	105	46	125	108	119	51
108 (47.37)	Wilmington, DE	75	79	63	139	86	87
109 (47.31)	Columbus, GA	53	32	150	105	105	37
110 (47.26)	Indianapolis, IN	22	136	137	123	104	68
111 (47.14)	Tucson, AZ	107	97	89	113	98	92
112 (46.99)	Lubbock, TX	74	42	127	107	95	143
113 (46.88)	Tulsa, OK	33	76	107	132	83	144
114 (46.53)	Modesto, CA	123	83	62	129	6	113
115 (46.50)	Nashville, TN	112	118	123	114	42	59
116 (45.83)	Providence, RI	143	128	31	31	107	72
117 (45.36)	Albuquerque, NM	97	108	60	146	103	54
118 (44.91)	New Haven, CT	144	135	33	100	50	17
119 (44.84)	Kansas City, MO	89	55	105	145	116	117
120 (44.51)	Columbia, SC	65	138	116	133	115	55
121 (44.34)	Philadelphia, PA	136	132	133	62	90	49
122 (43.67)	Fort Smith, AR	137	9	135	120	58	89
123 (43.53)	Mobile, AL	59	107	145	136	125	48
124 (43.30)	Chattanooga, TN	109	66	102	135	67	58
125 (43.29)	Wichita, KS	57	133	129	140	78	127
126 (43.08)	Milwaukee, WI	118	131	119	92	146	100
127 (42.77)	Baltimore, MD	45	148	149	126	126	90
128 (42.76)	Little Rock, AR	34	90	115	149	117	97
129 (42.57)	Jacksonville, FL	140	67	148	111	64	56
130 (42.48)	Toledo, OH	131	110	132	78	112	129
131 (42.20)	Huntington, WV	2	62	136	122	150	33
132 (42.10)	Fresno, CA	138	89	101	99	75	146
133 (41.89)	Cleveland, OH	130	104	121	104	145	103
134 (41.81)	Charleston, WV	101	40	140	142	139	110
135 (41.68)	Gulfport, MS	128	22	103	138	144	111
136 (41.67)	Chicago, IL	150	39	81	61	129	31
137 (40.90)	New Orleans, LA	132	143	109	127	147	27
138 (40.48)	Birmingham, AL	121	31	118	147	94	105
139 (40.33)	Baton Rouge, LA	55	123	146	144	142	134
140 (39.94)	Flint, MI	24	140	120	128	127	67
141 (39.60)	Gary, IN	29	111	134	82	148	139
142 (39.33)	Montgomery, AL	115	125	142	130	143	82
143 (39.19)	Hartford, CT	149	127	25	97	138	21
144 (38.02)	Stockton, CA	141	117	93	143	47	150
145 (37.24)	Kansas City, KS	139	139	141	110	120	116
146 (36.83)	Memphis, TN	66	130	143	150	130	140
147 (35.70)	Shreveport, LA	142	115	124	141	134	102
148 (30.75)	Jackson, MS	147	121	128	134	149	128
149 (30.51)	Detroit, MI	148	134	144	137	121	121
150 (30.14)	St. Louis, MO	146	150	147	148	135	22

*No. 1 = Best-Run

Ask the Experts

A well-run city isn’t just the product of efficient budgeting or lots of resources. It is the fruit of countless other decisions, too. For more insight into why some cities perform better than others, we turned to a panel of local-government, economic and diversity experts. Click on the panelists’ profiles to read their bios and thoughts on the following key questions:

In your opinion, what are the most important issues facing U.S. cities today?
Why are some cities better run than others?
What can citizens do to increase the transparency and accountability of local government?
Are some forms of city government — a strong mayor versus a strong city council, for instance — more effective than others?
What are the most useful resources offered to citizens by local governments during the pandemic?
In evaluating how well a city is run, what are the top five indicators?
How can local policymakers reduce racial tensions in the wake of recent movements?

Ask the Experts

Methodology

In order to determine the best- and worst-run cities in America, WalletHub compared 150 of the most populated cities across six key categories: 1) Financial Stability, 2) Education, 3) Health, 4) Safety, 5) Economy and 6) Infrastructure & Pollution.

We evaluated those dimensions using 38 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the highest quality of service.

Next, we calculated an overall “Quality of City Services” score for each city based on its weighted average across all the metrics. Finally, for each city, we divided the Quality of City Services score by the “Total Budget per Capita” (dollar amount) in order to construct a “Score per Dollar Spent” index — displayed as “Overall Rank” in the Main Findings table above — which we then used to rank-order the cities in our sample.

The metrics used do not create a disadvantage for DC, despite its unusual status as a city/state, with the exception of the Long-Term Debt Outstanding per Capita metric. However, even with that metric removed, DC still ranks last. Thus, the District was included in this report.

Financial Stability – Total Points: 16.67

Moody’s City Credit Rating: Quadruple Weight (~13.33 Points)
Outstanding Long-Term Debt per Capita: Full Weight (~3.33 Points)

Education – Total Points: 16.67

K–12 School-System Quality: Double Weight (~11.11 Points)
Note: This metric measures the share of public schools rated by GreatSchools.org with above average score.
High School Graduation Rate: Full Weight (~5.56 Points)

Health – Total Points: 16.67

Infant Mortality Rate: Quadruple Weight (~5.13 Points)
Average Life Expectancy (in Years): Quadruple Weight (~5.13 Points)
Hospital Beds per Capita: Full Weight (~1.28 Points)
Quality of Public Hospital System: Full Weight (~1.28 Points)
Note: This metric is based on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ ranking of public hospital systems.
WalletHub “States Offering the Most Coronavirus Support” Score: Triple Weight (~3.85 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “States Offering the Most Coronavirus Support” ranking.

Safety – Total Points: 16.67

Violent Crime Rate: Quadruple Weight (~4.76 Points)
Property Crime Rate: Quadruple Weight (~4.76 Points)
Motor Vehicle Fatalities per Capita: Quadruple Weight (~4.76 Points)
Share of Sheltered Homeless Persons: Full Weight (~1.19 Points)
Perception of Safety (Safety walking alone during daylight/night): Full Weight (~1.19 Points)
Note: These data are based on perceptions of visitors of numbeo.com website in the past 3 years. If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high.

Economy – Total Points: 16.67

Unemployment Rate: Triple Weight (~2.63 Points)
Underemployment Rate: Full Weight (~0.88 Points)
Median Annual Household Income (Adjusted for Cost of Living): Double Weight (~1.75 Points)
Median Annual Income Growth Rate: Double Weight (~1.75 Points)
Note: Growth compares the income level in 2018 versus in 2017.
Annual Job Growth Rate (Adjusted for Population Growth): Double Weight (~1.75 Points)
Note: Growth compares the number of employed civilian population in 2018 versus in 2017.
Share of Population Living in Poverty: Double Weight (~1.75 Points)
Economic Mobility: Triple Weight (~2.63 Points)
Growth in Number of Businesses: Full Weight (~0.88 Points)
Note: Growth compares the number of businesses in 2017 versus in 2016.
Change in Housing Prices: Full Weight (~0.88 Points)
Note: Change compares the price in 2019 versus in 2012.
Zillow Home Value 1-year Forecast: Full Weight (~0.88 Points)
Note: The Zillow Home Value Forecast is Zillow's prediction of what the Zillow Home Value Index will be one year from now.
Building-Permit Growth: Full Weight (~0.88 Points)
Note: Growth spans 2017 to 2019.

Infrastructure & Pollution – Total Points: 16.67

Quality of Roads: Quadruple Weight (~3.03 Points)
Note: This metric measures the share of pavements in poor condition.
Average Commute Time (in Minutes): Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Transit Access Shed: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Note: “Transit Access Shed” is the total area of land that is easily accessible from any point via public transportation.
Traffic Congestion: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Walk Score: Triple Weight (~2.27 Points)
Note: “Walk Score” measures pedestrian friendliness by analyzing population density and road metrics such as block length and intersection density.
Bike Score: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Note: “Bike Score” measures whether an area is good for biking. The Bike Score is calculated by measuring bike infrastructure (lanes, trails, etc.), hills, destinations and road connectivity, and the number of bike commuters.
Transit Score: Half Weight (~0.38 Points)
Note: “Transit Score” is a patented measure of how well a location is served by public transit.
Recreation-Friendliness: Quadruple Weight (~3.03 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “Best & Worst Cities for Recreation” ranking.
Share of Residents with Access to Internet: Half Weight (~0.38 Points)
Water Quality: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Air Pollution: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Greenhouse-Gas Emissions per Capita: Full Weight (~0.76 Points)
Share of Parkland: Triple Weight (~2.27 Points)

Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Council for Community and Economic Research, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Moody's Investors Service, GreatSchools.org, County Health Rankings, Health Resources and Services Administration, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Chmura Economics & Analytics, Zillow, The Equality of Opportunity Project, The Road Information Program, Center for Neighborhood Technology, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Walk Score, The Trust for Public Land, INRIX, U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development, Numbeo and WalletHub research.

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