2016’s Most Diverse Cities in America

America is undergoing an extreme makeover, thanks to rapid demographic diversification. By 2050, you won’t even recognize her. But diversification is nothing to be feared. In fact, economic growth follows it. America would not enjoy such unrivaled economic success if not for the waves of immigration that both changed the face of the nation and accelerated financial and social mobility.

As a result of the fresh perspectives, skills and technologies brought in by newcomers, the U.S. has developed a strong adaptability to change. Economies generally fare better when they openly embrace and capitalize on new ideas, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Conversely, those relying on old ways and specialized industries tend to be more susceptible to the negative effects of market volatility.

Culminating our diversity study series, this final installment combines household diversity with our previous reports on social class diversity, ethno-racial diversity, and economic diversity. To identify the most kaleidoscopic places in America, WalletHub’s analysts tallied the scores of 313 of the largest cities across the four major diversity categories. Continue reading below for our comprehensive findings, expert commentary and a full description of our methodology.

1 Main Findings 2 Detailed Findings 3 Rankings by City Size

4 Ask the Experts 5 Methodology

Main Findings

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Overall Rank	City	Total Score	‘Social Class Diversity’ Rank	‘Ethno-Racial Diversity’ Rank	‘Economic Diversity’ Rank	‘Household Diversity’ Rank
1	Gaithersburg, MD	70.90	2	1	216	84
2	Jersey City, NJ	68.85	24	2	240	44
3	Oakland, CA	67.19	29	5	57	88
4	Silver Spring, MD	77.10	1	8	114	220
5	Germantown, MD	74.27	19	3	154	237
6	New York, NY	62.30	55	4	133	62
7	San Jose, CA	61.61	9	7	168	189
8	Frederick, MD	74.75	35	24	58	205
9	Anaheim, CA	59.62	51	44	78	114
10	Sacramento, CA	58.62	111	14	6	70
11	San Diego, CA	70.59	12	19	118	104
12	Los Angeles, CA	64.06	70	23	27	47
13	Long Beach, CA	59.62	68	25	21	65
14	Rockville, MD	76.95	13	10	208	182
15	Waldorf, MD	69.85	148	39	14	25
16	Renton, WA	71.40	60	9	140	134
17	Santa Fe, NM	75.96	54	76	34	213
18	Kent, WA	70.49	137	17	25	140
19	Yonkers, NY	55.54	64	34	147	57
20	San Francisco, CA	70.54	11	15	241	260
21	Danbury, CT	70.78	25	66	66	80
22	Lynn, MA	56.97	155	20	91	2
23	Houston, TX	63.58	94	32	65	83
24	Stamford, CT	72.84	16	33	215	202
25	Hampton, VA	69.46	208	54	4	35
26	Kenner, LA	53.97	178	27	38	141
27	Glen Burnie, MD	59.88	154	71	35	23
28	Norwalk, CT	69.74	38	62	155	72
29	New Rochelle, NY	56.99	5	65	123	211
30	Warner Robins, GA	63.20	236	51	1	78
31	Aurora, CO	76.73	96	42	82	66
32	Lawton, OK	73.47	250	11	15	107
33	North Las Vegas, NV	79.36	188	12	141	39
34	Clifton, NJ	62.65	74	28	247	119
35	Springdale, AR	73.38	135	41	172	124
36	Aurora, IL	59.37	6	56	206	210
37	Rio Rancho, NM	73.46	142	60	29	232
38	Dallas, TX	62.73	107	50	86	64
39	Federal Way, WA	75.21	152	29	95	106
40	Roswell, GA	79.06	30	79	262	233
41	Chicago, IL	59.32	81	43	130	152
42	Chandler, AZ	78.92	27	148	187	203
43	Arlington, TX	66.80	112	53	44	147
44	Las Cruces, NM	71.32	174	86	26	102
45	Alexandria, VA	80.88	3	52	196	280
46	Phoenix, AZ	75.35	120	72	55	41
47	Honolulu, HI	66.46	61	91	39	125
48	Fort Worth, TX	62.45	95	75	51	90
49	Hillsboro, OR	71.10	46	83	224	254
50	Austin, TX	66.47	14	92	88	231
51	Enterprise, NV	79.97	100	13	298	151
52	Fresno, CA	51.31	210	61	16	6
53	Boston, MA	71.02	44	21	296	256
54	Sparks, NV	74.33	153	78	47	242
55	Las Vegas, NV	80.45	163	38	219	18
56	Lowell, MA	62.86	204	35	138	20
57	Hammond, IN	65.48	263	18	182	9
58	Clarksville, TN	77.29	249	46	3	229
59	North Charleston, SC	61.47	258	48	31	50
60	Bridgeport, CT	69.64	232	22	145	16
61	Bossier City, LA	65.29	184	85	62	175
62	Yakima, WA	65.87	213	98	28	49
63	Providence, RI	72.44	166	16	287	100
64	Portsmouth, VA	55.36	243	106	2	32
65	Columbia, SC	66.51	158	64	54	270
66	Spring Valley, NV	78.89	177	6	308	54
67	Denver, CO	75.72	23	101	159	228
68	Charlotte, NC	74.78	48	102	176	118
69	Waukegan, IL	60.65	167	57	222	19
70	Columbia, MD	77.31	34	77	254	252
71	Bakersfield, CA	47.41	122	108	8	127
72	Tampa, FL	74.02	127	82	149	117
73	Montgomery, AL	47.12	183	158	11	27
74	Tallahassee, FL	66.97	190	63	105	259
75	Plano, TX	75.14	7	67	291	271
76	Elgin, IL	57.42	67	90	227	208
77	Paradise, NV	80.80	205	26	290	77
78	Charleston, SC	68.33	49	177	102	216
79	Fort Lauderdale, FL	77.00	123	100	85	194
80	Glendale, AZ	75.29	203	84	69	53
81	Racine, WI	52.87	248	68	225	15
82	New Britain, CT	66.33	252	37	152	56
83	Brooklyn Park, MN	61.05	104	81	275	112
84	Rock Hill, SC	62.95	237	96	89	111
85	Anchorage, AK	78.35	91	138	7	172
86	St. Paul, MN	62.94	97	88	250	186
87	Bellevue, WA	73.65	31	55	305	273
88	Orlando, FL	76.58	209	36	276	174
89	Savannah, GA	60.21	239	110	79	85
90	Albuquerque, NM	67.03	144	114	80	69
91	Norman, OK	69.76	108	171	92	197
92	Wilmington, DE	56.14	185	87	266	221
92	New Bedford, MA	52.84	228	129	142	3
94	Pawtucket, RI	64.06	251	48	242	24
95	Champaign, IL	54.06	88	131	210	264
96	Nashua, NH	69.02	56	201	165	154
97	Ogden, UT	60.38	241	121	59	79
98	Worcester, MA	61.51	179	95	218	42
99	Brockton, MA	54.19	246	80	192	1
100	Tacoma, WA	69.34	145	128	32	93
101	Newark, NJ	63.24	287	58	42	33
101	Beaverton, OR	73.48	46	127	178	215
103	Johns Creek, GA	80.24	53	45	292	306
104	Sunrise Manor, NV	78.21	283	31	271	5
105	Oklahoma City, OK	63.47	138	140	17	99
106	Roanoke, VA	57.41	240	120	115	55
107	Kansas City, KS	67.83	286	69	37	34
108	Augusta, GA	57.73	275	112	30	81
109	West Valley City, UT	57.61	196	89	106	235
110	Trenton, NJ	62.31	295	59	139	29
111	Durham, NC	70.38	52	113	293	191
112	Reno, NV	75.61	147	134	46	109
113	Raleigh, NC	71.50	40	150	156	165
114	Waterbury, CT	60.88	290	47	125	74
115	Fort Smith, AR	63.27	254	94	216	142
116	Tucson, AZ	72.96	262	93	45	73
117	Baton Rouge, LA	40.84	229	154	43	135
118	Quincy, MA	57.15	21	153	264	158
119	San Antonio, TX	54.12	165	145	61	21
120	Allentown, PA	71.23	273	70	243	12
121	South Bend, IN	59.11	281	73	268	75
122	Washington, DC	77.46	17	123	249	286
123	Springfield, MA	60.37	282	74	169	36
124	Elizabeth, NJ	59.43	234	115	111	7
125	Thornton, CO	67.44	89	167	56	145
126	Joliet, IL	47.33	151	137	81	193
127	Sandy Springs, GA	77.43	22	125	294	257
128	Nashville, TN	67.66	92	159	104	137
129	Jackson, TN	49.67	233	117	229	157
130	Topeka, KS	53.83	224	184	47	92
131	Tuscaloosa, AL	48.41	218	132	197	218
132	Kenosha, WI	62.03	214	155	256	37
133	Arlington, VA	81.99	58	104	285	290
134	Greenville, NC	55.02	267	103	230	185
135	Corpus Christi, TX	42.70	148	175	18	51
136	Virginia Beach, VA	76.44	73	195	9	187
137	Mount Vernon, NY	55.85	128	157	237	10
138	Lake Charles, LA	39.10	270	139	148	46
139	Arvada, CO	66.06	82	238	49	246
140	Wilmington, NC	68.93	156	191	185	190
141	Surprise, AZ	79.60	162	124	206	295
142	Jonesboro, AR	56.57	244	178	137	13
143	North Little Rock, AR	44.67	284	126	103	101
144	Gulfport, MS	59.26	301	122	71	4
145	Hartford, CT	70.71	306	30	209	115
146	Salt Lake City, UT	69.68	87	160	110	239
147	Edmond, OK	65.13	37	217	157	299
148	Mobile, AL	42.57	269	152	101	89
149	Seattle, WA	77.25	10	156	267	274
150	Springfield, IL	35.80	150	232	76	171
151	Tulsa, OK	65.69	173	147	124	98
152	Westminster, CO	71.56	45	186	77	243
153	Tempe, AZ	77.77	131	133	198	261
154	Lorain, OH	48.88	298	111	120	59
155	Macon-Bibb County, GA	37.05	268	164	122	58
156	Minneapolis, MN	66.42	65	143	248	272
157	New Haven, CT	69.19	189	40	309	281
158	Shreveport, LA	37.88	256	183	171	22
159	Davenport, IA	54.95	206	208	97	164
160	Portland, OR	75.84	63	194	151	188
161	Henderson, NV	80.69	105	172	132	212
162	West Jordan, UT	53.08	164	204	70	277
163	Norfolk, VA	70.14	215	173	10	82
164	Fayetteville, NC	75.27	259	135	22	177
165	Sioux City, IA	55.17	231	185	136	173
166	Plymouth, MN	62.17	26	196	300	289
167	Philadelphia, PA	51.16	223	118	211	192
168	Mesa, AZ	76.42	195	162	74	163
169	Winston-Salem, NC	61.13	187	151	193	96
170	High Point, NC	63.72	193	146	228	86
171	Franklin, TN	75.72	8	243	270	282
172	Cary, NC	79.94	20	144	286	300
173	Salem, OR	68.09	157	199	13	133
174	Everett, WA	67.63	200	165	117	61
175	Lawrence, KS	65.03	143	211	160	278
176	Rapid City, SD	61.94	221	218	130	139
177	Greensboro, NC	65.11	168	168	170	149
178	Columbia, MO	58.73	98	220	279	249
179	Newport News, VA	69.29	199	176	50	123
180	Gresham, OR	66.18	230	174	40	28
181	Jacksonville, FL	69.11	222	166	126	38
182	Ellicott City, MD	74.22	78	116	278	310
183	Columbus, GA	64.54	216	187	36	26
184	Metairie, LA	48.13	116	214	41	138
185	Paterson, NJ	63.15	291	109	252	31
186	Bend, OR	69.97	75	287	87	241
187	Vancouver, WA	72.29	191	203	19	116
188	Colorado Springs, CO	79.70	83	215	94	181
188	Columbus, OH	55.44	141	198	150	132
190	Waukesha, WI	48.51	133	248	260	183
191	Bethlehem, PA	62.96	180	163	272	126
192	Chesapeake, VA	64.80	125	231	5	196
193	St. Petersburg, FL	75.30	161	197	162	121
194	Kansas City, MO	64.49	171	192	134	170
195	Little Rock, AR	51.79	124	223	68	180
196	Nampa, ID	64.57	289	190	72	227
197	Waterloo, IA	46.60	247	209	213	156
198	Omaha, NE	60.51	103	222	143	144
199	Woodbury, MN	59.15	42	244	288	292
200	Milwaukee, WI	53.99	272	136	212	146
201	Union City, NJ	55.47	200	282	107	11
202	Akron, OH	39.93	296	170	183	94
203	Port St. Lucie, FL	77.14	271	119	184	255
204	Troy, MI	57.53	4	161	310	285
205	Wichita, KS	56.44	170	202	144	178
206	Huntsville, AL	64.38	110	229	96	147
207	Billings, MT	60.65	176	293	33	169
208	Indianapolis, IN	53.06	186	207	135	97
209	Richmond, VA	58.40	118	206	166	253
210	Miami, FL	57.67	264	193	52	43
211	Johnson City, TN	61.14	202	265	244	113
212	Fayetteville, AR	72.79	181	226	238	291
212	Layton, UT	54.18	140	258	20	309
214	Reading, PA	67.25	308	99	289	8
215	El Paso, TX	60.84	197	239	12	67
216	Appleton, WI	49.30	134	279	255	205
217	Des Moines, IA	53.07	211	216	100	40
217	Passaic, NJ	66.18	293	188	246	162
219	Lakewood, CO	69.66	93	245	53	207
220	Jackson, MS	33.90	255	290	23	45
221	Peoria, AZ	76.43	121	230	113	234
222	Iowa City, IA	65.83	99	228	307	275
223	St. Charles, MO	51.85	85	294	253	219
224	Rockford, IL	51.55	261	180	245	48
225	Murfreesboro, TN	65.75	101	242	129	160
226	Gilbert, AZ	75.67	69	212	203	294
227	Independence, MO	50.98	265	266	108	130
228	Eagan, MN	61.55	18	247	188	266
229	Madison, WI	65.25	39	241	239	248
230	Chattanooga, TN	58.70	192	235	64	95
231	Atlanta, GA	67.44	77	205	258	287
232	Lafayette, LA	38.09	109	249	73	201
233	Fargo, ND	62.25	159	291	116	258
234	Sandy, UT	57.58	84	283	200	297
235	Lee's Summit, MO	59.79	62	268	277	307
236	Dayton, OH	48.55	309	130	164	168
237	Syracuse, NY	53.19	277	142	280	236
238	Scranton, PA	51.92	288	236	194	128
239	Albany, NY	43.20	160	181	220	303
240	Cape Coral, FL	80.30	212	224	119	179
241	Manchester, NH	65.00	146	255	127	63
242	St. George, UT	65.49	220	257	83	298
243	Peoria, IL	46.02	117	225	297	167
244	Buffalo, NY	44.43	292	169	189	204
245	Lexington-Fayette, KY	60.99	129	262	163	122
246	Camden, NJ	59.11	307	97	295	226
247	Cranston, RI	51.03	119	240	177	198
248	Eugene, OR	73.06	130	271	75	131
249	Cambridge, MA	77.25	59	107	313	304
250	Naperville, IL	64.46	57	189	301	311
251	Provo, UT	66.83	169	234	302	293
252	Fall River, MA	54.88	278	210	181	30
253	Bloomington, MN	57.33	66	267	223	244
254	Cedar Rapids, IA	44.37	132	303	257	195
255	Fishers, IN	57.88	32	281	303	302
256	Grand Rapids, MI	45.25	217	219	274	136
257	Missoula, MT	67.95	182	301	175	217
258	Warwick, RI	47.02	106	309	99	238
259	Dearborn, MI	54.95	114	252	259	155
260	Baltimore, MD	51.70	172	251	186	159
261	Athens, GA	62.36	266	179	204	283
262	O'Fallon, MO	49.99	86	306	190	279
263	Orem, UT	62.39	113	233	179	301
264	Ann Arbor, MI	70.54	50	182	311	284
265	Sterling Heights, MI	51.50	115	250	261	244
266	Olathe, KS	70.16	33	269	214	287
267	Pueblo, CO	53.81	302	200	174	14
268	Louisville, KY	48.38	175	270	128	90
269	Boise City, ID	70.41	102	284	63	214
270	Fort Collins, CO	75.07	71	286	146	200
271	Lansing, MI	43.10	280	227	93	184
272	Millcreek, UT	58.73	76	289	84	225
273	Youngstown, OH	39.62	313	105	158	68
274	Cheektowaga, NY	27.51	235	298	180	224
275	Flint, MI	34.74	312	149	263	60
276	Green Bay, WI	48.61	225	256	112	166
277	Overland Park, KS	72.93	15	278	273	269
278	St. Joseph, MO	47.71	279	292	205	110
279	Scottsdale, AZ	80.83	28	277	282	265
280	Memphis, TN	52.62	276	254	67	52
281	Rochester, NY	50.45	303	141	299	263
282	New Orleans, LA	47.57	219	246	195	240
283	Carmel, IN	68.51	72	259	306	312
284	Evansville, IN	48.44	300	275	233	105
285	Mount Pleasant, SC	75.26	41	299	251	313
286	Fort Wayne, IN	52.20	226	261	234	150
287	Duluth, MN	42.74	198	308	221	230
288	St. Louis, MO	50.73	238	237	265	251
289	Broken Arrow, OK	64.39	79	276	201	296
290	Centennial, CO	76.98	43	280	153	305
291	Bloomington, IN	66.95	260	221	304	308
292	Lincoln, NE	52.54	136	297	60	199
293	Portland, ME	68.18	80	285	281	250
294	Knoxville, TN	61.56	285	260	90	153
295	Laredo, TX	47.29	207	313	24	129
296	Springfield, MO	60.31	294	295	236	143
297	Pittsburgh, PA	46.16	194	263	284	268
298	Warren, MI	36.18	274	274	202	17
299	Toms River, NJ	49.54	126	296	226	209
300	Eau Claire, WI	47.25	245	307	232	247
301	Oshkosh, WI	38.72	253	311	199	108
302	Muncie, IN	43.46	304	288	283	120
303	Rochester, MN	66.08	36	264	312	262
304	Toledo, OH	37.45	297	272	109	76
305	Cincinnati, OH	47.94	257	253	269	276
306	Spokane, WA	64.36	227	300	98	87
307	Cleveland, OH	44.78	310	213	121	223
308	Erie, PA	42.91	299	272	191	71
309	Sioux Falls, SD	57.34	139	305	235	222
310	Parma, OH	36.58	242	310	161	176
311	Birmingham, AL	35.74	305	304	173	103
312	Livonia, MI	34.57	90	312	231	267
313	Detroit, MI	42.25	311	302	167	161

Artwork Most Diverse Cities in America 2016

Detailed Findings

City	‘Income Diversity’ Rank	‘Educational-Attainment Diversity’ Rank	‘Racial & Ethnic Diversity’ Rank	‘Language Diversity’ Rank	‘Region-of-Birth Diversity’ Rank	‘Industry Diversity’ Rank	‘Occupational Diversity’ Rank	‘Worker-Class Diversity’ Rank	‘Marital-Status Diversity’ Rank	‘Age Diversity’ Rank	‘Household-Type Diversity’ Rank	‘Household-Size Diversity’ Rank
Birmingham, AL	304	227	235	203	309	188	95	197	43	25	73	288
Montgomery, AL	221	119	184	N/A	279	67	135	40	36	132	37	184
Mobile, AL	261	233	171	N/A	295	106	137	148	15	120	82	282
Huntsville, AL	158	80	156	196	145	168	232	73	58	49	143	275
Tuscaloosa, AL	240	161	153	N/A	269	295	154	61	214	229	154	226
Anchorage, AK	5	226	116	125	17	38	156	26	210	189	195	48
Phoenix, AZ	140	117	88	59	42	21	104	149	116	266	61	41
Tucson, AZ	273	173	106	68	62	170	117	57	50	47	120	170
Mesa, AZ	146	245	190	110	35	50	76	178	145	172	178	127
Chandler, AZ	1	99	N/A	100	15	53	255	200	231	251	225	39
Gilbert, AZ	22	154	211	152	40	125	264	163	286	310	302	13
Glendale, AZ	166	244	85	75	44	56	114	131	95	267	97	37
Scottsdale, AZ	31	68	283	167	3	187	287	214	180	66	267	297
Tempe, AZ	154	112	137	106	19	143	245	174	284	128	247	102
Peoria, AZ	19	259	222	163	34	68	200	155	199	221	243	144
Surprise, AZ	74	277	221	N/A	12	184	190	207	288	235	290	238
Little Rock, AR	147	107	118	183	250	218	233	27	51	104	139	292
Fort Smith, AR	264	170	142	N/A	152	153	57	284	83	182	145	214
Fayetteville, AR	247	56	266	N/A	65	285	252	84	258	233	296	271
Springdale, AR	189	85	117	N/A	60	60	1	305	179	303	102	19
Jonesboro, AR	242	225	219	N/A	218	276	110	76	14	216	21	150
North Little Rock, AR	271	260	133	N/A	286	256	176	55	11	226	56	290
Los Angeles, CA	134	24	54	7	148	19	143	88	207	73	55	31
San Diego, CA	35	25	24	27	78	139	262	75	174	55	174	38
San Jose, CA	49	15	14	3	171	81	223	196	248	118	250	7
San Francisco, CA	72	5	22	14	79	177	290	92	237	46	276	207
Fresno, CA	237	135	51	16	254	80	19	63	124	288	14	9
Sacramento, CA	134	109	3	32	203	65	166	15	120	187	89	76
Long Beach, CA	100	76	12	18	192	44	134	72	205	183	63	32
Oakland, CA	103	6	1	17	112	149	228	44	150	81	122	84
Bakersfield, CA	69	209	81	56	275	58	60	46	183	301	155	11
Anaheim, CA	41	106	N/A	8	191	26	62	219	223	185	197	5
Denver, CO	84	13	100	83	39	57	238	189	125	147	244	230
Colorado Springs, CO	85	134	214	161	11	59	206	127	167	77	190	143
Aurora, CO	78	168	44	63	31	15	65	233	146	237	93	35
Fort Collins, CO	93	88	271	187	49	248	249	54	257	142	230	22
Lakewood, CO	99	143	239	157	91	14	213	96	67	31	218	285
Thornton, CO	39	196	178	108	110	2	87	191	160	302	168	20
Arvada, CO	28	184	268	N/A	126	3	186	120	234	65	269	118
Westminster, CO	17	118	200	123	68	9	189	168	242	71	254	138
Pueblo, CO	288	303	176	128	238	260	70	134	6	177	25	194
Centennial, CO	57	82	275	174	29	17	285	102	301	148	307	205
Bridgeport, CT	226	228	34	19	92	171	63	194	203	215	6	42
New Haven, CT	262	19	10	69	96	308	250	206	264	224	248	305
Stamford, CT	89	4	57	30	64	163	261	152	208	26	242	90
Hartford, CT	304	217	42	28	77	192	18	276	239	252	12	148
Waterbury, CT	269	281	17	52	180	227	17	140	52	232	29	256
Norwalk, CT	24	81	67	49	89	122	247	113	154	22	81	103
Danbury, CT	26	69	115	23	76	120	98	87	184	123	126	34
New Britain, CT	246	235	92	6	122	132	20	243	188	160	28	93
Wilmington, DE	229	101	109	N/A	220	247	219	236	84	121	172	302
Washington, DC	86	7	78	130	20	240	301	28	278	83	272	304
Jacksonville, FL	192	258	98	153	97	52	139	237	27	92	77	176
Miami, FL	292	100	224	81	207	40	35	158	21	7	64	247
Tampa, FL	163	95	41	90	55	109	220	147	90	111	104	215
Orlando, FL	232	156	23	65	32	211	196	291	65	137	165	264
St. Petersburg, FL	148	172	170	170	43	182	209	116	7	17	183	274
Tallahassee, FL	254	63	121	N/A	114	289	258	6	274	246	252	92
Fort Lauderdale, FL	161	91	94	86	28	4	202	181	10	32	219	301
Port St. Lucie, FL	184	313	132	95	26	228	145	150	161	143	282	213
Cape Coral, FL	117	301	236	134	7	97	162	171	30	196	181	276
Atlanta, GA	170	14	126	188	109	172	291	115	238	63	275	311
Columbus, GA	212	203	86	182	141	103	123	62	35	161	45	156
Augusta, GA	268	232	157	N/A	206	185	96	43	48	149	74	235
Macon-Bibb County, GA	272	189	160	N/A	305	255	198	58	12	193	35	279
Savannah, GA	255	169	168	N/A	188	206	85	81	129	79	54	195
Athens, GA	302	29	111	147	164	303	235	18	294	271	273	160
Sandy Springs, GA	62	35	114	112	21	215	288	250	191	101	214	303
Roswell, GA	36	67	181	N/A	14	73	280	247	243	269	199	106
Johns Creek, GA	105	41	93	38	8	166	N/A	309	309	295	305	94
Warner Robins, GA	202	266	89	N/A	154	124	55	1	68	274	68	145
Honolulu, HI	51	124	75	70	120	105	183	52	137	14	171	125
Boise City, ID	104	139	274	169	82	92	243	56	182	93	232	149
Nampa, ID	235	309	238	N/A	140	41	8	217	219	299	223	62
Chicago, IL	151	43	11	54	195	91	181	172	225	108	88	151
Aurora, IL	11	38	48	35	194	45	103	306	254	293	212	10
Rockford, IL	257	224	107	126	252	220	89	274	13	181	50	236
Joliet, IL	64	267	60	96	276	31	15	240	241	290	194	15
Naperville, IL	107	48	209	101	143	235	302	225	311	242	312	91
Peoria, IL	150	98	138	158	283	272	246	302	134	168	132	223
Springfield, IL	149	152	225	N/A	308	270	241	17	25	87	208	260
Elgin, IL	67	116	83	42	211	121	61	297	265	206	211	21
Waukegan, IL	185	150	63	29	183	157	10	298	181	275	23	14
Champaign, IL	180	27	180	N/A	234	304	278	2	263	202	257	212
Indianapolis, IN	208	146	125	162	242	54	93	258	71	175	95	202
Fort Wayne, IN	219	220	207	178	247	181	74	285	133	210	118	190
Evansville, IN	286	302	269	N/A	268	196	14	292	9	68	124	287
South Bend, IN	284	190	101	N/A	199	283	72	264	59	255	44	208
Carmel, IN	112	62	288	N/A	101	258	308	198	313	283	313	179
Fishers, IN	29	73	294	N/A	205	212	305	238	302	308	306	28
Bloomington, IN	300	33	257	N/A	115	309	286	11	312	306	281	134
Hammond, IN	223	293	58	N/A	132	123	13	279	53	263	15	69
Muncie, IN	303	253	278	N/A	289	298	97	222	156	169	70	171
Des Moines, IA	181	252	191	132	241	20	38	266	64	245	84	75
Cedar Rapids, IA	79	218	296	N/A	288	114	163	303	169	117	187	183
Davenport, IA	159	261	234	N/A	229	110	44	183	109	139	167	209
Sioux City, IA	243	187	223	N/A	226	223	9	165	144	227	129	200
Iowa City, IA	174	51	260	N/A	128	311	275	3	292	238	261	130
Waterloo, IA	207	288	226	N/A	281	263	84	193	82	165	106	269
Wichita, KS	172	166	166	139	219	142	82	205	132	234	164	175
Overland Park, KS	12	57	272	164	63	129	283	227	269	106	274	211
Kansas City, KS	277	255	16	87	106	13	3	188	88	268	38	80
Olathe, KS	13	89	259	148	84	62	239	269	295	296	289	57
Topeka, KS	199	246	218	N/A	237	134	99	78	40	228	114	191
Lawrence, KS	211	60	251	N/A	137	284	268	23	273	195	260	280
Louisville, KY	169	178	208	189	270	85	118	216	56	98	101	217
Lexington-Fayette, KY	168	87	228	172	179	204	217	97	98	41	182	128
New Orleans, LA	266	75	158	193	274	226	234	112	122	50	170	307
Baton Rouge, LA	260	142	159	N/A	297	117	101	77	89	70	125	243
Shreveport, LA	259	204	189	N/A	303	209	146	151	4	130	26	272
Metairie, LA	108	162	201	116	271	10	164	118	81	27	131	257
Lafayette, LA	152	86	193	154	302	61	132	129	141	42	175	265
Lake Charles, LA	279	175	131	N/A	300	219	66	145	2	102	49	291
Bossier City, LA	113	264	136	N/A	133	147	165	67	226	280	115	86
Kenner, LA	131	229	31	N/A	236	16	58	144	113	13	160	204
Portland, ME	137	59	287	145	103	252	271	220	166	28	268	262
Baltimore, MD	209	120	186	191	251	281	229	60	173	64	100	233
Columbia, MD	81	26	40	92	22	259	296	41	268	43	246	185
Germantown, MD	32	52	4	11	53	230	279	37	256	289	210	47
Silver Spring, MD	10	2	9	20	27	207	289	10	233	214	180	161
Ellicott City, MD	142	50	151	79	54	243	307	33	310	270	309	146
Waldorf, MD	7	296	97	N/A	87	179	203	5	73	284	51	30
Glen Burnie, MD	46	285	103	N/A	189	75	168	65	47	76	53	121
Frederick, MD	16	84	91	N/A	51	101	267	34	152	209	206	166
Gaithersburg, MD	20	1	5	1	75	269	269	68	170	240	91	52
Rockville, MD	66	12	47	10	30	151	304	24	151	59	227	117
Boston, MA	133	3	20	34	74	287	277	218	282	103	201	165
Worcester, MA	213	127	95	51	174	266	170	146	162	140	47	63
Springfield, MA	289	177	43	60	186	271	73	107	128	272	18	89
Lowell, MA	230	148	53	13	159	229	29	143	175	144	20	46
Cambridge, MA	92	74	162	73	24	310	311	259	304	220	293	281
New Bedford, MA	245	174	174	N/A	244	111	5	262	26	82	11	124
Brockton, MA	205	290	52	46	231	257	68	173	22	213	5	58
Quincy, MA	52	40	188	74	215	140	251	268	131	4	173	210
Lynn, MA	119	208	25	9	217	131	30	156	76	153	9	45
Fall River, MA	280	198	254	55	230	261	26	161	37	5	30	253
Detroit, MI	311	283	263	185	296	119	28	260	221	151	41	246
Grand Rapids, MI	252	128	140	151	284	233	112	296	202	223	111	78
Warren, MI	216	305	227	142	307	138	22	289	18	141	42	158
Sterling Heights, MI	65	211	286	61	253	144	182	294	255	16	265	113
Ann Arbor, MI	83	64	205	105	80	313	309	30	287	167	288	110
Lansing, MI	276	230	102	176	291	191	129	89	103	127	176	242
Flint, MI	310	312	135	N/A	310	244	51	287	157	219	16	164
Dearborn, MI	190	53	298	33	228	249	149	261	177	285	169	40
Livonia, MI	43	192	309	194	311	158	194	252	261	57	278	203
Troy, MI	14	20	206	58	210	294	306	283	296	85	295	116
Minneapolis, MN	128	23	129	103	121	224	273	121	260	173	271	251
St. Paul, MN	171	49	46	78	158	274	242	122	196	254	137	133
Rochester, MN	27	78	252	143	125	312	276	290	272	131	258	140
Bloomington, MN	15	157	233	155	214	104	197	270	192	33	239	277
Duluth, MN	198	181	302	N/A	293	277	188	114	159	6	231	266
Brooklyn Park, MN	54	207	36	76	178	221	115	307	217	291	86	18
Plymouth, MN	45	55	237	N/A	168	95	297	295	291	207	291	136
Woodbury, MN	68	70	265	N/A	197	108	303	176	298	241	294	85
Eagan, MN	9	66	247	124	173	23	274	195	276	116	263	163
Jackson, MS	285	114	261	N/A	312	183	102	31	92	231	10	218
Gulfport, MS	299	251	183	N/A	196	208	120	59	1	119	22	249
Kansas City, MO	182	163	113	171	142	87	178	184	79	109	149	267
St. Louis, MO	275	102	123	198	258	232	215	242	112	62	217	309
Springfield, MO	298	205	300	N/A	187	254	152	215	19	15	235	221
Independence, MO	186	310	262	N/A	257	25	42	267	31	78	177	241
Columbia, MO	183	42	246	N/A	201	307	254	20	271	230	228	119
Lee's Summit, MO	42	131	282	N/A	190	150	281	248	307	261	304	231
O'Fallon, MO	4	212	303	N/A	260	51	259	204	283	279	287	49
St. Joseph, MO	228	304	290	N/A	273	239	90	212	8	72	157	273
St. Charles, MO	33	186	295	N/A	249	30	212	312	190	11	207	240
Billings, MT	121	247	299	N/A	182	8	81	125	39	163	203	237
Missoula, MT	215	123	307	N/A	105	280	248	47	140	2	241	248
Omaha, NE	125	111	202	146	184	69	155	228	123	203	144	157
Lincoln, NE	126	165	277	168	246	128	172	69	209	114	205	112
Las Vegas, NV	122	214	39	64	6	241	128	208	54	162	59	64
Henderson, NV	44	219	203	118	5	154	169	136	172	56	221	197
Paradise, NV	179	238	37	50	4	301	159	202	55	24	119	196
Reno, NV	173	126	177	89	41	79	138	86	38	44	192	174
North Las Vegas, NV	138	243	13	44	13	205	48	154	119	250	94	23
Spring Valley, NV	127	239	8	22	16	306	192	310	74	18	109	120
Sunrise Manor, NV	263	272	56	40	18	279	133	255	45	297	13	26
Enterprise, NV	30	221	15	45	9	302	226	241	213	298	147	17
Sparks, NV	91	248	164	N/A	52	28	111	130	227	178	240	181
Manchester, NH	102	210	256	127	138	11	122	277	69	36	161	81
Nashua, NH	25	132	250	N/A	98	43	216	229	155	12	191	129
Newark, NJ	278	257	84	15	153	64	6	142	236	256	4	51
Jersey City, NJ	90	11	2	2	100	74	244	278	201	155	46	33
Paterson, NJ	274	275	163	43	155	167	86	301	251	260	8	16
Elizabeth, NJ	187	291	169	41	193	55	7	265	220	276	1	27
Toms River, NJ	34	249	276	160	262	282	171	117	224	75	220	108
Clifton, NJ	55	145	69	4	161	237	201	203	198	156	140	55
Trenton, NJ	295	236	99	N/A	165	135	59	210	218	198	7	74
Camden, NJ	307	279	130	N/A	198	273	N/A	275	290	281	39	96
Passaic, NJ	301	147	241	N/A	123	66	116	313	277	307	27	12
Union City, NJ	253	96	291	N/A	223	5	24	282	138	134	24	25
Albuquerque, NM	155	137	112	84	113	189	222	50	61	113	72	189
Las Cruces, NM	225	93	165	N/A	71	265	177	4	168	89	76	142
Rio Rancho, NM	37	274	139	N/A	59	127	199	32	249	145	249	66
Santa Fe, NM	115	22	172	N/A	36	194	240	14	17	38	238	299
New York, NY	118	21	6	5	166	173	207	104	176	61	48	95
Buffalo, NY	294	176	59	131	287	264	127	123	187	100	130	261
Rochester, NY	305	160	32	121	259	305	158	246	266	166	193	289
Yonkers, NY	96	71	26	12	222	245	153	95	115	94	58	114
Syracuse, NY	297	103	61	115	239	297	150	185	245	264	138	232
Albany, NY	191	133	64	138	290	291	257	51	305	9	283	306
New Rochelle, NY	53	9	49	36	216	213	225	70	240	40	216	97
Cheektowaga, NY	164	300	273	N/A	313	236	161	124	105	3	222	295
Mount Vernon, NY	139	125	148	88	221	292	185	99	102	95	3	162
Charlotte, NC	88	58	38	113	50	27	208	263	153	205	110	98
Raleigh, NC	76	54	104	140	69	82	253	132	148	171	146	182
Greensboro, NC	201	122	77	159	136	156	174	179	99	112	128	244
Durham, NC	129	10	45	119	83	300	272	91	139	107	163	245
Winston-Salem, NC	231	105	66	141	177	190	148	213	44	152	121	216
Fayetteville, NC	224	287	50	156	45	242	141	9	110	158	136	259
Cary, NC	58	31	192	98	10	201	299	110	300	225	299	126
Wilmington, NC	195	113	245	N/A	99	178	205	164	136	1	215	219
High Point, NC	203	164	68	135	149	162	147	271	91	217	62	192
Greenville, NC	283	159	127	N/A	227	293	237	74	250	204	152	67
Fargo, ND	157	167	297	N/A	167	98	157	167	215	133	264	252
Columbus, OH	165	121	128	149	224	145	193	138	149	197	98	159
Cleveland, OH	312	242	105	166	285	180	67	159	163	157	113	300
Cincinnati, OH	290	97	144	202	272	253	210	254	189	91	262	310
Toledo, OH	291	278	175	200	304	169	33	162	32	125	66	258
Akron, OH	287	289	182	N/A	298	214	79	192	28	54	79	284
Dayton, OH	308	299	150	N/A	266	222	46	170	85	138	78	293
Parma, OH	141	308	305	150	306	133	56	232	78	69	179	254
Youngstown, OH	313	311	82	N/A	299	202	25	187	5	105	43	294
Lorain, OH	270	307	124	N/A	264	160	23	190	29	212	67	198
Oklahoma City, OK	132	158	72	117	151	12	125	80	75	191	123	154
Tulsa, OK	193	155	76	136	130	32	131	257	34	135	127	234
Norman, OK	130	110	231	N/A	88	250	231	39	246	58	204	77
Broken Arrow, OK	8	195	242	186	144	76	230	251	297	243	298	107
Lawton, OK	204	295	65	N/A	58	200	180	7	70	282	112	123
Edmond, OK	40	72	255	N/A	135	113	282	64	299	194	297	177
Portland, OR	101	61	220	114	37	116	263	93	130	45	236	139
Salem, OR	143	179	215	111	104	148	105	25	106	99	188	109
Eugene, OR	177	83	258	165	61	268	218	22	126	34	202	83
Gresham, OR	167	297	204	94	124	72	11	119	104	192	96	24
Hillsboro, OR	56	90	152	N/A	73	175	195	235	262	247	256	105
Beaverton, OR	63	79	173	85	57	29	227	253	229	74	213	132
Bend, OR	59	138	301	N/A	86	210	221	49	193	37	245	239
Philadelphia, PA	249	151	35	102	255	246	167	177	211	96	87	255
Pittsburgh, PA	236	104	197	184	282	267	256	244	244	23	255	298
Allentown, PA	258	268	87	48	72	102	36	311	57	277	32	36
Erie, PA	293	265	216	173	292	198	71	226	46	126	75	225
Reading, PA	309	270	161	N/A	111	286	43	308	96	300	2	50
Bethlehem, PA	160	193	167	99	156	216	124	299	127	8	134	201
Scranton, PA	267	271	248	N/A	248	225	40	221	101	121	103	228
Providence, RI	244	37	28	21	66	288	83	293	259	200	31	56
Warwick, RI	50	213	306	N/A	280	137	100	139	204	39	259	168
Cranston, RI	77	197	244	97	256	195	144	180	66	20	105	N/A
Pawtucket, RI	241	254	55	31	147	130	54	304	121	265	17	70
Columbia, SC	250	16	120	N/A	118	164	214	42	270	211	233	286
Charleston, SC	80	65	232	N/A	102	186	260	48	195	30	234	169
North Charleston, SC	256	222	79	N/A	175	71	12	98	60	253	33	178
Mount Pleasant, SC	38	92	310	N/A	46	146	292	101	306	244	303	N/A
Rock Hill, SC	238	201	145	N/A	157	99	140	133	87	184	108	172
Sioux Falls, SD	106	191	292	195	213	165	160	272	165	150	224	222
Rapid City, SD	178	269	249	N/A	170	176	107	153	100	176	117	220
Memphis, TN	282	188	198	190	245	78	49	137	80	190	34	188
Nashville, TN	144	77	119	129	107	90	179	135	117	115	141	180
Knoxville, TN	296	136	213	192	172	159	130	100	23	52	186	268
Chattanooga, TN	214	140	146	199	202	115	136	85	33	19	135	250
Clarksville, TN	162	306	134	N/A	23	89	75	12	235	287	226	61
Murfreesboro, TN	124	108	210	180	129	126	184	141	194	170	159	88
Franklin, TN	3	47	289	N/A	38	141	293	166	285	277	284	99
Jackson, TN	239	200	143	N/A	261	231	113	239	164	124	116	199
Johnson City, TN	265	45	279	N/A	176	296	270	36	41	67	162	224
Houston, TX	175	44	27	25	150	6	64	209	135	218	71	104
San Antonio, TX	188	144	195	53	233	86	94	109	62	222	52	65
Dallas, TX	194	36	29	47	160	18	52	245	86	257	57	111
Austin, TX	60	17	74	72	119	77	265	71	200	208	237	141
Fort Worth, TX	110	130	30	77	162	7	88	175	118	286	107	53
El Paso, TX	222	141	270	82	181	88	106	35	107	258	90	60
Arlington, TX	111	149	21	71	117	24	119	126	185	259	158	54
Corpus Christi, TX	114	194	194	66	294	48	34	82	97	199	83	72
Plano, TX	23	30	71	62	48	112	294	256	279	186	280	100
Laredo, TX	248	115	311	N/A	277	152	39	53	143	311	166	3
Salt Lake City, UT	176	28	196	91	90	118	204	105	228	129	251	137
West Valley City, UT	97	298	90	39	208	22	4	286	247	309	266	1
Provo, UT	218	94	267	N/A	116	299	236	288	289	312	301	4
West Jordan, UT	61	292	230	N/A	240	46	91	160	275	313	285	6
Orem, UT	94	171	243	107	163	174	175	182	303	305	310	2
Sandy, UT	18	202	293	N/A	209	36	266	234	293	294	308	8
Ogden, UT	227	241	185	N/A	185	93	16	128	42	292	133	73
St. George, UT	145	294	285	N/A	131	70	109	157	280	273	300	193
Layton, UT	82	231	264	N/A	232	37	142	66	308	304	311	43
Millcreek, UT	75	129	281	144	200	100	224	83	147	159	198	263
Virginia Beach, VA	2	180	154	175	33	42	191	29	212	97	209	71
Norfolk, VA	200	216	80	177	85	84	41	45	142	88	65	152
Chesapeake, VA	48	237	149	201	139	34	173	21	216	154	196	87
Arlington, VA	116	32	147	80	1	251	310	19	267	236	292	270
Richmond, VA	196	46	110	179	204	203	211	103	206	48	229	296
Newport News, VA	136	273	73	181	95	107	47	94	93	201	92	206
Alexandria, VA	21	8	62	67	2	234	298	8	197	179	277	308
Hampton, VA	156	262	122	N/A	93	94	78	13	20	60	80	186
Roanoke, VA	234	223	179	N/A	212	96	53	211	3	86	85	283
Portsmouth, VA	206	280	141	N/A	225	49	32	16	24	110	36	229
Seattle, WA	47	18	187	104	25	197	295	90	222	21	286	278
Spokane, WA	197	256	284	197	146	161	126	111	49	51	148	187
Tacoma, WA	120	182	96	109	94	39	50	106	63	53	185	101
Vancouver, WA	109	282	217	120	67	35	92	79	94	84	151	167
Bellevue, WA	71	39	108	24	56	217	300	280	281	29	279	153
Kent, WA	70	240	19	26	81	33	37	108	230	239	142	29
Everett, WA	123	284	199	93	108	136	21	199	16	136	150	147
Renton, WA	6	153	7	37	70	63	151	231	178	180	156	68
Federal Way, WA	73	263	18	57	47	47	80	223	158	90	99	122
Yakima, WA	220	183	155	N/A	127	1	2	201	77	262	60	82
Milwaukee, WI	281	185	33	122	235	238	77	224	232	249	40	155
Madison, WI	87	34	240	137	134	290	284	38	253	35	253	173
Green Bay, WI	210	234	229	133	265	83	27	230	111	164	153	227
Kenosha, WI	153	276	212	N/A	169	275	69	249	114	146	69	59
Racine, WI	251	215	70	N/A	243	193	31	281	108	248	19	44
Appleton, WI	95	206	280	N/A	263	155	108	300	186	174	200	135
Waukesha, WI	98	199	253	N/A	267	199	187	273	171	188	184	115
Eau Claire, WI	233	250	304	N/A	278	278	121	169	252	80	270	79
Oshkosh, WI	217	286	308	N/A	301	262	45	186	72	10	189	131

Rankings by City Size

Rank	Large City Name (Score)	Rank	Midsize City Name (Score)	Rank	Small City Name (Score)
1	Oakland, CA (67.19)	1	Jersey City, NJ (68.85)	1	Gaithersburg, MD (70.90)
2	New York, NY (62.30)	2	Kent, WA (70.49)	2	Silver Spring, MD (77.10)
3	San Jose, CA (61.61)	3	Yonkers, NY (55.54)	3	Germantown, MD (74.27)
4	Anaheim, CA (59.62)	4	Stamford, CT (72.84)	4	Frederick, MD (74.75)
5	Sacramento, CA (58.62)	5	Hampton, VA (69.46)	5	Rockville, MD (76.95)
6	San Diego, CA (70.59)	6	North Las Vegas, NV (79.36)	6	Waldorf, MD (69.85)
7	Los Angeles, CA (64.06)	7	Aurora, IL (59.37)	7	Renton, WA (71.40)
8	Long Beach, CA (59.62)	8	Chandler, AZ (78.92)	8	Santa Fe, NM (75.96)
9	San Francisco, CA (70.54)	9	Las Cruces, NM (71.32)	9	Danbury, CT (70.78)
10	Houston, TX (63.58)	10	Alexandria, VA (80.88)	10	Lynn, MA (56.97)
11	Aurora, CO (76.73)	11	Enterprise, NV (79.97)	11	Kenner, LA (53.97)
12	Dallas, TX (62.73)	12	Lowell, MA (62.86)	12	Glen Burnie, MD (59.88)
13	Chicago, IL (59.32)	13	Clarksville, TN (77.29)	13	Norwalk, CT (69.74)
14	Arlington, TX (66.80)	14	North Charleston, SC (61.47)	14	New Rochelle, NY (56.99)
15	Phoenix, AZ (75.35)	15	Bridgeport, CT (69.64)	15	Warner Robins, GA (63.20)
16	Honolulu, HI (66.46)	16	Providence, RI (72.44)	16	Lawton, OK (73.47)
17	Fort Worth, TX (62.45)	17	Columbia, SC (66.51)	17	Clifton, NJ (62.65)
18	Austin, TX (66.47)	18	Spring Valley, NV (78.89)	18	Springdale, AR (73.38)
19	Fresno, CA (51.31)	19	Montgomery, AL (47.12)	19	Rio Rancho, NM (73.46)
20	Boston, MA (71.02)	20	Tallahassee, FL (66.97)	20	Federal Way, WA (75.21)
21	Las Vegas, NV (80.45)	21	Plano, TX (75.14)	21	Roswell, GA (79.06)
22	Denver, CO (75.72)	22	Elgin, IL (57.42)	22	Hillsboro, OR (71.10)
23	Charlotte, NC (74.78)	23	Paradise, NV (80.80)	23	Sparks, NV (74.33)
24	Bakersfield, CA (47.41)	24	Charleston, SC (68.33)	24	Hammond, IN (65.48)
25	Tampa, FL (74.02)	25	Fort Lauderdale, FL (77.00)	25	Bossier City, LA (65.29)
26	Anchorage, AK (78.35)	26	Glendale, AZ (75.29)	26	Yakima, WA (65.87)
27	Albuquerque, NM (67.03)	27	St. Paul, MN (62.94)	27	Portsmouth, VA (55.36)
28	Oklahoma City, OK (63.47)	28	Bellevue, WA (73.65)	28	Waukegan, IL (60.65)
29	Raleigh, NC (71.50)	29	Orlando, FL (76.58)	29	Columbia, MD (77.31)
30	Tucson, AZ (72.96)	30	Savannah, GA (60.21)	30	Racine, WI (52.87)
31	San Antonio, TX (54.12)	31	Norman, OK (69.76)	31	New Britain, CT (66.33)
32	Washington, DC (77.46)	32	Worcester, MA (61.51)	32	Brooklyn Park, MN (61.05)
33	Nashville, TN (67.66)	33	Tacoma, WA (69.34)	33	Rock Hill, SC (62.95)
34	Corpus Christi, TX (42.70)	34	Newark, NJ (63.24)	34	New Bedford, MA (52.84)
35	Virginia Beach, VA (76.44)	35	Sunrise Manor, NV (78.21)	34	Wilmington, DE (56.14)
36	Seattle, WA (77.25)	36	Kansas City, KS (67.83)	36	Pawtucket, RI (64.06)
37	Tulsa, OK (65.69)	37	Augusta, GA (57.73)	37	Champaign, IL (54.06)
38	Minneapolis, MN (66.42)	38	West Valley City, UT (57.61)	38	Nashua, NH (69.02)
39	Portland, OR (75.84)	39	Durham, NC (70.38)	39	Ogden, UT (60.38)
40	Philadelphia, PA (51.16)	40	Reno, NV (75.61)	40	Brockton, MA (54.19)
41	Mesa, AZ (76.42)	41	Waterbury, CT (60.88)	41	Beaverton, OR (73.48)
42	Jacksonville, FL (69.11)	42	Baton Rouge, LA (40.84)	42	Johns Creek, GA (80.24)
43	Columbus, OH (55.44)	43	Allentown, PA (71.23)	43	Roanoke, VA (57.41)
43	Colorado Springs, CO (79.70)	44	South Bend, IN (59.11)	44	Trenton, NJ (62.31)
45	Kansas City, MO (64.49)	45	Springfield, MA (60.37)	45	Fort Smith, AR (63.27)
46	Omaha, NE (60.51)	46	Elizabeth, NJ (59.43)	46	Quincy, MA (57.15)
47	Milwaukee, WI (53.99)	47	Thornton, CO (67.44)	47	Jackson, TN (49.67)
48	Wichita, KS (56.44)	48	Joliet, IL (47.33)	48	Tuscaloosa, AL (48.41)
49	Indianapolis, IN (53.06)	49	Sandy Springs, GA (77.43)	49	Kenosha, WI (62.03)
50	Miami, FL (57.67)	50	Topeka, KS (53.83)	50	Greenville, NC (55.02)
51	El Paso, TX (60.84)	51	Arlington, VA (81.99)	51	Mount Vernon, NY (55.85)
52	Atlanta, GA (67.44)	52	Arvada, CO (66.06)	52	Lake Charles, LA (39.10)
53	Lexington-Fayette, KY (60.99)	53	Wilmington, NC (68.93)	53	Jonesboro, AR (56.57)
54	Baltimore, MD (51.70)	54	Surprise, AZ (79.60)	54	North Little Rock, AR (44.67)
55	Louisville, KY (48.38)	55	Hartford, CT (70.71)	55	Gulfport, MS (59.26)
56	Memphis, TN (52.62)	56	Salt Lake City, UT (69.68)	56	Edmond, OK (65.13)
57	New Orleans, LA (47.57)	57	Mobile, AL (42.57)	57	Lorain, OH (48.88)
58	St. Louis, MO (50.73)	58	Springfield, IL (35.80)	58	Sioux City, IA (55.17)
59	Pittsburgh, PA (46.16)	59	Westminster, CO (71.56)	59	Plymouth, MN (62.17)
60	Cleveland, OH (44.78)	60	Tempe, AZ (77.77)	60	Franklin, TN (75.72)
61	Detroit, MI (42.25)	61	Macon-Bibb County, GA (37.05)	61	Lawrence, KS (65.03)
		62	New Haven, CT (69.19)	62	Rapid City, SD (61.94)
		63	Shreveport, LA (37.88)	63	Ellicott City, MD (74.22)
		64	Davenport, IA (54.95)	64	Bend, OR (69.97)
		65	Henderson, NV (80.69)	65	Waukesha, WI (48.51)
		66	West Jordan, UT (53.08)	66	Bethlehem, PA (62.96)
		67	Norfolk, VA (70.14)	67	Nampa, ID (64.57)
		68	Fayetteville, NC (75.27)	68	Waterloo, IA (46.60)
		69	Winston-Salem, NC (61.13)	69	Woodbury, MN (59.15)
		70	High Point, NC (63.72)	70	Union City, NJ (55.47)
		71	Cary, NC (79.94)	71	Troy, MI (57.53)
		72	Salem, OR (68.09)	72	Johnson City, TN (61.14)
		73	Everett, WA (67.63)	73	Fayetteville, AR (72.79)
		74	Greensboro, NC (65.11)	73	Layton, UT (54.18)
		75	Columbia, MO (58.73)	75	Reading, PA (67.25)
		76	Newport News, VA (69.29)	76	Appleton, WI (49.30)
		77	Gresham, OR (66.18)	77	Passaic, NJ (66.18)
		78	Columbus, GA (64.54)	78	Iowa City, IA (65.83)
		79	Metairie, LA (48.13)	79	St. Charles, MO (51.85)
		80	Paterson, NJ (63.15)	80	Eagan, MN (61.55)
		81	Vancouver, WA (72.29)	81	Sandy, UT (57.58)
		82	Chesapeake, VA (64.80)	82	Lee's Summit, MO (59.79)
		83	St. Petersburg, FL (75.30)	83	Scranton, PA (51.92)
		84	Little Rock, AR (51.79)	84	Albany, NY (43.20)
		85	Akron, OH (39.93)	85	St. George, UT (65.49)
		86	Port St. Lucie, FL (77.14)	86	Camden, NJ (59.11)
		87	Huntsville, AL (64.38)	87	Cranston, RI (51.03)
		88	Billings, MT (60.65)	88	Fall River, MA (54.88)
		89	Richmond, VA (58.40)	89	Bloomington, MN (57.33)
		90	Des Moines, IA (53.07)	90	Fishers, IN (57.88)
		91	Lakewood, CO (69.66)	91	Missoula, MT (67.95)
		92	Jackson, MS (33.90)	92	Warwick, RI (47.02)
		93	Peoria, AZ (76.43)	93	Dearborn, MI (54.95)
		94	Rockford, IL (51.55)	94	O'Fallon, MO (49.99)
		95	Murfreesboro, TN (65.75)	95	Orem, UT (62.39)
		96	Gilbert, AZ (75.67)	96	Millcreek, UT (58.73)
		97	Independence, MO (50.98)	97	Youngstown, OH (39.62)
		98	Madison, WI (65.25)	98	Cheektowaga, NY (27.51)
		99	Chattanooga, TN (58.70)	99	Flint, MI (34.74)
		100	Lafayette, LA (38.09)	100	St. Joseph, MO (47.71)
		101	Fargo, ND (62.25)	101	Carmel, IN (68.51)
		102	Dayton, OH (48.55)	102	Mount Pleasant, SC (75.26)
		103	Syracuse, NY (53.19)	103	Duluth, MN (42.74)
		104	Cape Coral, FL (80.30)	104	Bloomington, IN (66.95)
		105	Manchester, NH (65.00)	105	Portland, ME (68.18)
		106	Peoria, IL (46.02)	106	Toms River, NJ (49.54)
		107	Buffalo, NY (44.43)	107	Eau Claire, WI (47.25)
		108	Eugene, OR (73.06)	108	Oshkosh, WI (38.72)
		109	Cambridge, MA (77.25)	109	Muncie, IN (43.46)
		110	Naperville, IL (64.46)	110	Erie, PA (42.91)
		111	Provo, UT (66.83)	111	Parma, OH (36.58)
		112	Cedar Rapids, IA (44.37)	112	Livonia, MI (34.57)
		113	Grand Rapids, MI (45.25)
		114	Athens, GA (62.36)
		115	Ann Arbor, MI (70.54)
		116	Sterling Heights, MI (51.50)
		117	Olathe, KS (70.16)
		118	Pueblo, CO (53.81)
		119	Boise City, ID (70.41)
		120	Fort Collins, CO (75.07)
		121	Lansing, MI (43.10)
		122	Green Bay, WI (48.61)
		123	Overland Park, KS (72.93)
		124	Scottsdale, AZ (80.83)
		125	Rochester, NY (50.45)
		126	Evansville, IN (48.44)
		127	Fort Wayne, IN (52.20)
		128	Broken Arrow, OK (64.39)
		129	Centennial, CO (76.98)
		130	Lincoln, NE (52.54)
		131	Knoxville, TN (61.56)
		132	Laredo, TX (47.29)
		133	Springfield, MO (60.31)
		134	Warren, MI (36.18)
		135	Rochester, MN (66.08)
		136	Toledo, OH (37.45)
		137	Cincinnati, OH (47.94)
		138	Spokane, WA (64.36)
		139	Sioux Falls, SD (57.34)
		140	Birmingham, AL (35.74)

Ask the Experts

Many local economies use their diverse demographic compositions to their advantage, duplicating the country’s economic success as a whole. But diversity also has its drawbacks. For insight into the advantages and disadvantages of diversity as well as advice on how to channel different demographic characteristics toward economic growth, we asked a panel of esteemed experts to weigh in. Click on the experts’ profiles to read their bios and responses to the following key questions:

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?
Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?
What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?
Which types of diversity are good or bad for cities?

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Jacqueline Battalora Professor in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice at Saint Xavier University
Bennett Capers Stanley A. August Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School
Susan Stanford Friedman Virginia Woolf Professor of English and Gender & Women's Studies at University of Wisconsin-Madison
Derek W. Black Professor of Law at University of South Carolina School of Law
Arindam Mandal Associate Professor of Economics at Siena College
Deborah N. Archer Professor of Law, Co-Director of the Impact Center for Public Interest Law, and Director of the Racial Justice Project at New York Law School
Susan M. Bosco Professor of Management in the Mario J. Gabelli School of Business at Roger Williams University

Jacqueline Battalora

Professor in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice at Saint Xavier University

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?

Pros: A culturally diverse city offers a vast richness of cultural & ethnic diversity, a wide spectrum of economic classes and neighborhoods. When this diversity is explored, tasted, experienced and understood, lives are both challenged and enriched and perspective is stretched.

A diverse workplace where workers are empowered to contribute perspective and critique can be a responsive and creative space.

The cons of living and working in a diverse city include the tensions that can arise when cultures clash and the paths to understanding are not readily seen, when access to limited resources is not equitable, and when too many forget our collective humanity.

Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?

This depends largely on the economic resources of the various populations. When significant numbers are struggling economically, there are strains on services and government and this can likewise strain economic growth. Where people across diverse communities can secure employment that provides a living wage and opportunities for advancement, there is greater potential for economic growth. There seems to be a strong correlation between state support for education and economic growth within its cities and towns.

What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?

If a different perspective, a new way of seeing something, an alternative approach spur innovation, there can be little doubt that a city's diversity can be a rich resource of innovation. Policy makers can support the education of a workforce that values diversity. Policy makers can listen, learn and invite diverse communities into the decision-making and workings of government. Educators can embrace diversity to enhance curriculum, supplement or correct content (there is a long history of teaching very partial histories that often enhance the view of the US and diminish cultures from other regions of the globe) and practice tolerance at a minimum or understanding and appreciation ideally. Policy makers can develop and nurture relationships within diverse communities to help ensure communication flow, understanding of desires, constraints and challenges and to build trust.

Bennett Capers

Stanley A. August Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?

So much depends on what one considers "a diverse city." Living in city that is racially diverse in terms of numbers, but racially segregated in fact, isn't really living in a diverse city. As far as living in a city where there is true diversity of all kinds -- racial, ethnic, religious, class, political, etc. -- the pros are many. We are increasingly living in a more diverse world, and indeed a more international world. Exposure to people from different backgrounds early is itself an asset that will likely become more valuable as the world becomes more diverse and interconnected. Indeed, the pros remind me of the arguments made by high-ranking retired officers in their amicus brief in the affirmative action case Grutter v. Michigan a few years back. The officers supported Michigan University's efforts to ensure diversity at the school, largely on the argument that the world is becoming more diverse and preparing everyone for that world is a net positive. Of course, if one prefers to lead a life without exposure to difference -- from different ideas to different languages to different foods -- then living in a diversity city may not be your cup of tea. But if you enjoy the idea of being exposed to different things, and providing your children that same exposure, then you may be tapping into an asset that will undoubtedly prove valuable.

Which types of diversity are good or bad for cities?

This relates to my prior answer. Few people benefit when a city, diverse in numbers, is in fact highly segregated or highly stratified. Much of this has to do with city planning and design. If the city is structured so that, for example, poor Latinos all live in one area, and middle class whites all live in another, then the benefits of diversity will largely be lost, and the disadvantages (class resentment for example, and increased crime for another) may exceed any advantages. This is likely to be especially true where schools are segregated along lines of race or class, where police forces and city officials don't reflect the diversity of the city, and where there is little room for class or residential mobility. But even cities that have as their starting point class and residential segregation can do much to increase social diversity and foster class and social mobility in a way that benefits the city, increases the safety for everyone, and makes the city more inviting to businesses. For example, a public park that can be used and is used by everyone in a city can do much to address an "us versus them" mentality. Of course, the best type of diversity is the kind where so many people from different backgrounds attend school together, work together, live together, and argue politics together, that diversity itself is taken for granted. I live in one of those cities now: New York City.

Susan Stanford Friedman

Virginia Woolf Professor of English and Gender & Women's Studies at University of Wisconsin-Madison

Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?

Yes, diversity of population is vital to the future of the US, of Wisconsin, and the city of Madison, WI. The world is ever more interconnected and people from different cultures and backgrounds need even more exposure to each other to foster greater collaborations in economic, political, cultural, and family life.

Derek W. Black

Professor of Law at University of South Carolina School of Law

Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?

Data bears out that our most diverse cities are also our most economically productive.

What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?

Adopt pro-integration school assignment policies and promote housing integration as well.

Which types of diversity are good or bad for cities?

Racial, ethnic, and socio-economic diversity are particularly good for cities.

Arindam Mandal

Associate Professor of Economics at Siena College

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?

This depends on the definition of a “Diverse City”. Cities that are diverse in multiple dimensions – race, ethnicity, identity, nationality, politics – have much to add to one’s experience. However, all depend on economic and social mobility enjoyed by these groups. In terms of numbers, we can have highly diverse cities, but if there are limited opportunities for diverse groups to share their experiences, diversity itself will not translate into benefit for an individual. Rather it might foster resentment and tensions, and ultimately would foster polarization. On the other hand, cities that are “truly” diverse can be a powerhouse in promoting wider good of the community. It will attract talents that can further enrich the diverse experiences. Attracting talents by providing the right environment becomes more important at the time when the United States is experiencing unprecedented movement of people within the country and from abroad.

Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?

If a city can foster the right mix of economic and social mobility for majority of its residents, then it will definitely foster economic growth. After all, right institutions are necessary condition for economic growth and prosperity. Cities that can ensure harmony among its diverse residents can better leverage the power of diversity by generating the best for its communities.

What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?

Education is the key to individual and community success. It is important that policy makers first ensure that all its residents have access to quality education. This can go a long way in converging the gap among various groups in the society, and hence can build a stronger community based on cooperation rather than resentment. Policy makers also need to ensure that people who are moving into the city have access to basics such as affordable housing and health care. Finally, policy makers need to work in tandem with employers in delivering the best to its residents.

Which types of diversity are good or bad for cities?

It is hard to distinguish diversity based on quality. Communities that can work together and can transcend boundaries are always good because they will eventually foster innovation and greater welfare.

Deborah N. Archer

Professor of Law, Co-Director of the Impact Center for Public Interest Law, and Director of the Racial Justice Project at New York Law School

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?

The strongest cities have diverse economies - they are not reliant on one sector. They have strong competitive businesses. And they have a labor pool that those businesses want to hire. Most major companies today understand that a diverse workforce is a business necessity, with benefits to the work environment, productivity, quality, and profitability. Cities with a diverse population can attract diverse businesses.

It also means talented immigrants will want to live in that city. It increases chances that your children will have an education that is enriched by diverse perspectives and experiences, and they will learn interpersonal skills that they will need to be competitive in our increasingly global economy.

‪But diversity is only an opportunity. Having a diverse city where people with different backgrounds have limited opportunities to interact certainly limits the opportunity to experience the benefits of diversity.

‪I do not think there are any cons to diversity, but there are certainly challenges. Diversity without integration risks creating competing communities that see themselves only in conflict. So cities have to work to diversify schools, neighborhoods, and businesses.

What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?

Cities need to actually integrate schools and neighborhoods, create places where diverse people can come together. Cities must also make sure that diverse, and often traditionally underserved, communities have access to capital and opportunity. For example, robust MWBE contracting programs allow cities to use their purchasing power to make sure that the city can actually benefit from the talents of the diverse communities that live there.

Susan M. Bosco

Professor of Management in the Mario J. Gabelli School of Business at Roger Williams University

What are the pros and cons of living and working in a diverse city?

The pros of living in a diverse city are that you have access to people with a variety of backgrounds, perspectives and experiences. This variety enables one to get a glimpse of the behaviors and values that are practiced outside of one's own limited experience. It is not only interesting, but helpful to gain these perspectives as we are all living in a much broader world. In addition, our experiences and knowledge of other societies becomes more complex and reflective of the world.

On the challenging side, one is now forced to accommodate to the language limitations of others as well as their different behaviors. One may find that the mass transit commute, for example, is delayed as those who are not familiar with these systems try to learn them.

One is also confronted in a very real way with beliefs that may differ from those we hold. It can be hard to make oneself open to hearing others' opinions without judging too quickly. Human nature is such that we tend to be more comfortable with people we perceive to be like ourselves. So being with people who are different can be stressful just for that reason.

Is there a relationship between diversity and economic growth in cities?

If seems that in areas of urban revitalization, small businesses appear, some of which will be successful. When cities are abandoned by their "traditional" populations, these places do decline in economic activity as that majority population is no longer living there and spending their incomes.

Once these cities are able to welcome and support new populations who feel comfortable in a more heterogeneous environment, they become hubs for new economic activity generated by this different influx of people.

What can local policy makers do to harness the diversity in their cities to spur innovation?

Creating enterprise zones with benefits in taxation, for example, have been successful in promoting innovation in many urban areas, particularly smaller ones. There is also a need to support programs that will help innovators to learn the basics of beginning and operating a business in the U.S. It can be very challenging to try to not only start a business, but to try to learn the navigation needed to meet the standards legally and economically. Finally, a review of zoning for such areas may be in order as well.

Which types of diversity are good or bad for cities?

I can't really think of a situation which is bad for cities in this regard. As long as there is a mix of people who have some sense of community and social support, it seems like it would be a positive phenomenon in any case.

Methodology

In order to identify the most diverse cities in America, WalletHub’s analysts compared 313 of the most populated cities — limiting each state to no more than 10 cities each — across four key dimensions: 1) Social Class Diversity, 2) Ethno-Racial Diversity, 3) Economic Diversity and 4) Household Diversity. We conducted our analysis using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index method, which is a commonly accepted measure of market concentration that also works effectively as a general-purpose measure of diversity (e.g., race/ethnicity, occupations, languages, nationalities).

Please note that “city” refers to city proper and excludes surrounding metro areas. Each city was categorized according to the following population sizes:

Large cities: More than 300,000 residents
Middsize cities: 100,000 to 300,000 residents
Small cities: Fewer than 100,000 residents

We then compiled 12 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights and subcomponents. Each metric was given a value between 0 and 100, wherein 100 represents the most diversity and 0 the least.

Finally, we calculated the overall score for each city using the weighted average across all metrics and ranked the cities accordingly.

Social Class Diversity - Total Points: 25
1. Household-Income Diversity: Weight = Double Weight(~16.67 Points)
  - $34,999 or Less
  - $35,000 - $49,999
  - $50,000 - $74,999
  - $75,000 - $99,999
  - $100,000 - $149,999
  - $150,000 or more
2. Educational-Attainment Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~8.33 Points)
  - Without a high school diploma
  - High school diploma and perhaps some college or an associate’s degree
  - Bachelor’s degree
  - Graduate or professional degree

Ethno-Racial Diversity Total Points: 25
1. Racial & Ethnic Diversity: Weight = Triple Weight (~12.50 Points)
  - Hispanic or Latino
  - White (Not Hispanic or Latino)
  - Black or African American (Not Hispanic or Latino)
  - Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino)
  - All Others (American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some Other Race Alone, Two or More Races) (Not Hispanic or Latino)
2. Language Diversity: Weight = Double Weight (~8.33 Points)
  - English
  - Spanish
  - Other Indo-European languages
  - Asian and Pacific Islander languages
  - Other languages
3. Region Of Birth Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
  - Native
  - Europe
  - Asia
  - Africa
  - Oceania
  - Latin America
  - Northern America (other than native)

Economic Diversity - Total Points: 25
1. Industry Diversity: Weight = Triple Weight (~15.00 Points)
  Note: Includes the civilian employed population aged 16 and older
  - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining
  - Construction
  - Manufacturing
  - Wholesale trade
  - Retail trade
  - Transportation and warehousing, and utilities
  - Information
  - Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing
  - Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services
  - Educational services, and health care and social assistance
  - Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services
  - Other services, except public administration
  - Public administration
2. Occupational Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~5.00 Points)
  Note: Includes the civilian employed population aged 16 and older
  - Management, business, science, and arts occupations
  - Service occupations
  - Sales and office occupations
  - Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
  - Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
3. Worker-Class Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~5.00 Points)
  Note: Includes the civilian employed population aged 16 and older
  - Private wage and salary workers
  - Government workers
  - Self-employed in own not incorporated business workers
    Note: Includes “people who worked for profit or fees in their own unincorporated business, professional practice, or trade or who operated a farm,” according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
  - Unpaid family workers

Household Diversity - Total Points: 25
1. Marital-Status Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~6.25 Points)
  - Never Married
  - Married (excluding separated couples)
  - Divorced
  - Separated
  - Widowed
2. Age Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~6.25 Points)
  - Aged 19 and younger
  - Aged 20-24
  - Aged 25-34
  - Aged 35-44
  - Aged 45-54
  - Aged 55-64
  - Aged 65 and older
3. Household Type Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~6.25 Points)
  - Family households with married couples
  - Male-headed family households (no wife present)
  - Female-headed family households (no husband present)
  - Nonfamily households
4. Household Size Diversity: Weight = Full Weight (~6.25 Points)
  - Two-person family households
  - Three-person family households
  - Four-person family households
  - Five-person family Households
  - Six-person family Households
  - Seven-person or more family households
  - One-person nonfamily households
  - Two-person nonfamily households
  - Three-person nonfamily households
  - Four-person nonfamily households
  - Five-person nonfamily households
  - Six-person nonfamily households
  - Seven-person or more nonfamily households

Sources: Data used to create these rankings were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau.

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@_whelguy

May 13, 2016

Being from Gaithersburg, of course I find the analysis compelling. But I've found my Facebook correspondents questioning the value of diversity. But they are also the most resistant, skeptical and resentful of change.

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@werk_klok

Jun 7, 2016

Well, ideally, if you are a progressive, forward thinking individual who values individuals AS individuals then you would find diversity for the sake of diversity to be pointless.
e.g., what's better: 5 white people or 1 white, 1 asian, 1 black, 1 hispanic and 1 native american? Correct answer: they are literally the same. There is no value added or lost based simply on ethnicity. You would literally be racist to answer that one of those groups is better than the other.… read more

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@exileena

Aug 2, 2016

@werk_klok: I think you're simplifying it. The diversity came from multiple angles in this study. Think of it in different ways. 5 white people from different types of households, working in different fields, with different ages and genders, making different kinds of money or your racial mix above of all male students or all women doctors. Are you looking for similar opinions or different perspectives. It wasn't diversity for just the of diversity. The idea was different perspectives coming together or as the UN committee above saw research for, improved economic trends coming from adaptability. Every individual is valuable and learning from each other regarding commonalities and differences is valuable as well.… read more

@write_light

Mar 2, 2017

@werk_klok: Diversity's demonstrable benefits aren't intended to be critiques of non-diverse societies and settings; diverse settings can offer new views and new challenges that we might otherwise miss out on, and can bring tolerance and understanding, two things in short supply in humanity. Diversity comes in a multitude of ways, of which race is only the most outwardly visible; I would love diversity of economic background, of religiosity, and of experience most of all, in my community.
My own family is both non-diverse (racially, religiously) and yet fascinatingly diverse politically, by age, by sexual identity. They learn from me, I learn from them, and yet I lack the experience of diversity in race and religion in my first-hand experience, despite living in one of the most diverse states. Fortunately my line of work brings me into contact with a wide range of cultures, countries of origin, religions, languages, etc.… read more

@daveokc2005

May 21, 2016

I sense the "researchers" are more interested in advocacy than in genuinely increasing knowledge on the diversity question. Wouldn't a more objective approach include input from actual city administrators from across the country? Since they have first hand experience with diversity changes, and can comment credibly on the financial strains, I would have welcomed their comments. Instead, this piece seems like just an exercise in desktop data crunching.

REVELS LYNN23 @jkhklh3

May 12, 2016

I would say that if your market is still below peak pricing of the mid 2000s, there is still room to grow. California's home prices in general are still below that threshold. But San Francisco has exceeded its historical peak and has to be considered in bubble territory again.