2023’s States with the Best & Worst Taxpayer ROI

Tax Day can be a painful reminder of how much we have to invest in federal, state and local governments, though many of us are unaware of exactly what they give us in return. As a result, this creates a disconnect in the minds of taxpayers between the amount of money we should fork over on Tax Day (April 18 this year) – and how much we deserve in return.

Americans have looked at taxes with especially high scrutiny in recent years. In fact, 73% of people think the government doesn’t spend their tax dollars wisely, according to WalletHub’s Taxpayer Survey. We do know, however, that taxpayer return on investment, or ROI, varies based where one lives. Federal income-tax rates are uniform across the nation, yet some states receive far more federal funding than others.

Federal taxes and support are only part of the story, though. Different states have dramatically different tax burdens. This begs the question of whether people in high-tax states receive superior government services. Likewise, are low-tax states more efficient or do they receive low-quality services? In short, where do taxpayers get the most and least bang for their buck?

WalletHub aimed to answer that question by contrasting state and local tax collections with the quality of the services residents receive in each of the 50 states within five categories: Education, Health, Safety, Economy, and Infrastructure & Pollution. Our data set includes a total of 29 key metrics.

Main Findings

State and Local Taxes Paid vs. Spending Received by State

Notes:
*No. 1 = Best
**“Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.
With the exception of “Taxpayer ROI,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the lowest total taxes paid per capita and the best government services, respectively.

School Systems

Best

• 1. Massachusetts
• 2. Connecticut
• 3. New Jersey
• 4. Virginia
• 5. Maryland

Worst

• 46. West Virginia
• 47. Arizona
• 48. Louisiana
• 49. Alaska
• 50. New Mexico

Roads & Bridges

Best

• 1. Tennessee
• 2. Georgia
• 3. Idaho
• 4. Nevada
• 5. Alabama

Worst

• 46. Hawaii
• 47. South Dakota
• 48. Pennsylvania
• 49. West Virginia
• 50. Rhode Island

Hospital Systems

Best

• 1. Utah
• 2. Iowa
• 3. Nebraska
• 4. Connecticut
• 5. Minnesota

Worst

• 45. New Mexico
• 46. Arizona
• 47. Hawaii
• 48. New York
• 49. New Jersey

Violent-Crime Rate

Lowest

• 1. Maine
• 2. New Hampshire
• 3. Vermont
• 4. Connecticut
• 5. New Jersey

Highest

• T-46. Louisiana
• T-46. Arkansas
• T-46. Tennessee
• T-46. New Mexico
• T-46. Alaska

Best State vs. Worst State: 8x Difference

Maine vs. Alaska

Water Quality

Best

• T-1. California
• T-1. Delaware
• T-1. Hawaii
• T-1. Iowa
• T-1. Kentucky
• T-1. Maine

Worst

• 46. Wisconsin
• 47. Alaska
• T-48. Mississippi
• T-48. New Jersey
• T-48. West Virginia

% of Residents in Poverty

Lowest

• 1. New Hampshire
• 2. Utah
• T-3. Maryland
• T-3. Minnesota
• 5. Hawaii

Highest

• 46. Kentucky
• 47. West Virginia
• 48. New Mexico
• 49. Louisiana
• 50. Mississippi

Best State vs. Worst State: 3x Difference

New Hampshire vs. Mississippi

Show More

Blue States vs. Red States

Detailed Breakdown by State

Note: With the exception of “Total Score,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the best conditions for that metric category.

Ask the Experts

For more insight into how taxpayer funds are turned into government services as well as how taxpayers can measure the efficiency with which their money is used, we turned to a panel of economics and public-policy experts. You can check out their bios and responses to the following questions below.

1. Do states with high tax burdens provide better government services?
2. How can state and local governments use tax revenue more efficiently?
3. How can everyday citizens assess the ROI of their local tax dollars?
4. What's the most common way local governments waste taxpayer dollars?
5. What are the most efficient ways for local governments to mitigate the fiscal impact of inflation?

Ask the Experts

Stephen J. Lusch
Ph.D. – Associate Professor of Accounting – Texas Christian University
Read More

Mitchell Franklin
Ph.D., CPA – Associate Professor of Accounting, Madden School of Business – Le Moyne College
Read More

Nicholas Robinson
Director of Accountancy; Assistant Chair of Accounting and Law, Finance, and BAIS – Eastern Illinois University
Read More

Vicky C. Dominguez
DBA, CFE, CB – Professor - Business Administration & Accounting – College of Southern Nevada
Read More

Methodology

In order to determine which states yield the best and worst return on investment (ROI) for taxpayers, WalletHub compared the quality of government services received by residents to the total state and local taxes they pay in each of the 50 states.

First, we analyzed each state across five key government-service categories: 1) Education, 2) Health, 3) Safety, 4) Economy and 5) Infrastructure & Pollution. The categories were further broken down into 29 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the best quality of government service.

We then determined each state’s weighted average across all 29 metrics to calculate its “Overall Government Services Score.”

Finally, we constructed the Taxpayer ROI ranking by comparing each state’s “Overall Government Services Score” to its “Total Taxes Paid per Capita.” “Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.

Education – Total Points: 20

• Quality of Public University System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
  Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “College & University Rankings.”
• Quality of School System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
  Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “States with the Best & Worst School Systems” ranking.
• Public High-School Graduation Rate: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
• Projected Public High School Graduation Rate Increase Between 2021-2022 and 2032-2033: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
• Share of Idle Youth: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
  Note: This metric refers to people ages 18-24 not attending school, not working, and with no degree beyond high school.
• States with School Programs: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
  Note: This binary metric measures the presence or absence of school programs.
  Programs include education savings accounts, school vouchers or tax-credit scholarship programs.
  
• Presence of Free Community College Education: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
• State Pre-K Funding per Preschool- Enrolled Children: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)

Health – Total Points: 20

• Hospital Beds per 1,000 Residents: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Quality of Public Hospitals: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
  Note: Based on data from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
• Average Life Expectancy at Birth (in years): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Infant-Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Average Health-Insurance Premium: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Quality of Health Care: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
  Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “States with the Best & Worst Health Care” ranking.

Safety – Total Points: 20

• Violent-Crime Rate per Capita: Double Weight (~10.00 Points)
• Property-Crime Rate per Capita: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)
• Fatalities per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Economy – Total Points: 20

• Median Annual Household Income: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
  Note: Adjusted for cost of living.
• Annual Job-Growth Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
  Note: Adjusted for population growth.
• Share of Residents Living in Poverty: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
• Unemployment Rate: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
• Underemployment Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)

Infrastructure & Pollution – Total Points: 20

• Quality of Roads & Bridges: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
• Average Commute Time (in minutes): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Parks & Recreation Expenses per Capita: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• State Highway Spending per Driver: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Water Quality: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Share of Population Who Receive Fluoridated Water Through CWSs (Community Water Systems): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
• Air Pollution: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)

Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, Campaign for Free College Tuition, National Institute for Early Education Research, Kaiser Family Foundation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, County Health Rankings, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Highway Administration, United Health Foundation, Council for Community and Economic Research, Road Information Program, Federal Bureau of Investigation, EdChoice, Health Resources and Services Administration, and WalletHub research.

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