The COVID-19 pandemic was disastrous for U.S. employment, but the job market is showing signs of healing due to states reopening. The national unemployment rate is currently at 6%, which is 59% lower than the peak of 14.7% during the height of the pandemic. The country has been able to make a lot of progress thanks to the distribution of the vaccine, but it will likely take a long time for the unemployment rate to return to the historic low it experienced prior to the coronavirus crisis. Some cities’ jobs have weathered the storm better than others, though.
In order to identify where workers have been most affected by the coronavirus pandemic, WalletHub compared 180 cities based on four key metrics. We looked at the change in each city’s unemployment during the latest month for which we have data (March 2021) compared to March 2019, March 2020 and January 2020. We also considered each city’s overall unemployment rate.
Please note that this report relies on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which disclosed that it misclassified some workers on temporary layoffs as “absent from work because of other reasons” rather than “unemployed.” Therefore, the real unemployment rate in March may be around 7% higher than reported. For this reason, WalletHub has included two columns for the unemployment rate in the table below, one with the officially reported unemployment rate and one with the “adjusted” rate after accounting for the misclassification.
Main Findings
Cities Whose Unemployment Rates Are Bouncing Back Most
| Overall Rank | City | Unemployment Rate (March 2021) | Change in Unemployment (March 2021 vs March 2019) | Change in Unemployment (March 2021 vs January 2020) | Change in Unemployment (March 2021 vs March 2020) | Adjusted Unemployment Rate* (March 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lincoln, NE | 2.90% | -4.07% | 0.48% | -10.06% | 3.09% |
| 2 | Rapid City, SD | 3.10% | -10.34% | -2.74% | -11.90% | 3.30% |
| 3 | Omaha, NE | 3.40% | -9.07% | -4.98% | -15.77% | 3.62% |
| 4 | Salt Lake City, UT | 3.00% | 9.15% | 20.18% | 2.36% | 3.20% |
| 5 | Overland Park, KS | 3.00% | 9.49% | 19.79% | 3.39% | 3.20% |
| 6 | Sioux Falls, SD | 3.20% | 7.12% | 10.42% | 3.09% | 3.41% |
| 7 | Huntsville, AL | 3.10% | -2.56% | 15.73% | 28.03% | 3.30% |
| 8 | South Burlington, VT | 2.50% | 47.78% | 34.34% | 28.50% | 2.67% |
| 9 | Nashua, NH | 3.80% | 5.54% | 0.74% | -2.21% | 4.05% |
| 10 | Billings, MT | 4.10% | 2.74% | 3.02% | -0.79% | 4.37% |
| 11 | West Valley City, UT | 3.60% | 14.77% | 22.60% | 15.61% | 3.84% |
| 12 | Manchester, NH | 3.80% | 21.10% | 20.61% | 18.88% | 4.05% |
| 13 | Missoula, MT | 4.40% | 11.72% | 0.97% | -4.49% | 4.69% |
| 14 | Springfield, MO | 3.90% | 30.49% | 13.53% | 5.62% | 4.16% |
| 15 | Lexington-Fayette, KY | 4.30% | 13.46% | 24.77% | 13.30% | 4.58% |
| 16 | Madison, WI | 3.30% | 40.27% | 48.81% | 49.33% | 3.52% |
| 17 | Burlington, VT | 3.20% | 60.14% | 49.06% | 31.67% | 3.41% |
| 18 | Durham, NC | 4.10% | 18.87% | 31.23% | 23.43% | 4.37% |
| 19 | Nampa, ID | 4.10% | 29.68% | 17.16% | 23.97% | 4.37% |
| 20 | Boise, ID | 3.60% | 40.00% | 37.13% | 42.99% | 3.84% |
| 21 | Raleigh, NC | 4.30% | 15.89% | 30.19% | 20.30% | 4.58% |
| 22 | Bismarck, ND | 4.00% | 27.17% | 36.93% | 30.20% | 4.26% |
| 23 | Fargo, ND | 3.60% | 44.07% | 43.05% | 38.09% | 3.84% |
| 24 | Cincinnati, OH | 4.90% | 24.59% | 0.28% | -10.44% | 5.22% |
| 25 | Pembroke Pines, FL | 4.40% | 50.63% | 35.04% | -27.53% | 4.69% |
| 26 | Cape Coral, FL | 4.60% | 41.03% | 23.47% | -13.36% | 4.90% |
| 27 | Reno, NV | 4.60% | 36.60% | 36.66% | -10.74% | 4.90% |
| 28 | Gilbert, AZ | 4.50% | 27.69% | 32.20% | 23.50% | 4.80% |
| 29 | Louisville, KY | 5.00% | 10.97% | 22.56% | 11.41% | 5.33% |
| 30 | Fort Smith, AR | 4.60% | 40.00% | 13.05% | 20.93% | 4.90% |
| 31 | Augusta, GA | 5.20% | 12.43% | 7.17% | 18.36% | 5.54% |
| 32 | St. Petersburg, FL | 4.60% | 56.59% | 38.49% | -19.46% | 4.90% |
| 33 | Port St. Lucie, FL | 4.90% | 45.90% | 28.26% | -14.40% | 5.22% |
| 34 | Scottsdale, AZ | 4.70% | 32.73% | 32.86% | 21.96% | 5.01% |
| 35 | Cheyenne, WY | 5.10% | 39.30% | 15.86% | -6.41% | 5.44% |
| 36 | Columbus, GA | 5.30% | 11.82% | 16.27% | 19.21% | 5.65% |
| 37 | Jacksonville, FL | 4.90% | 49.22% | 31.36% | -13.37% | 5.22% |
| 38 | Knoxville, TN | 4.70% | 47.29% | 37.20% | 21.32% | 5.01% |
| 39 | Tampa, FL | 5.00% | 56.68% | 41.07% | -20.52% | 5.33% |
| 40 | Oklahoma City, OK | 4.40% | 50.13% | 50.94% | 44.11% | 4.69% |
| 41 | Minneapolis, MN | 4.50% | 47.81% | 70.63% | 19.87% | 4.80% |
| 42 | Charlotte, NC | 4.90% | 33.20% | 43.37% | 33.30% | 5.22% |
| 43 | Charleston, SC | 4.00% | 54.24% | 71.96% | 63.65% | 4.26% |
| 44 | Tallahassee, FL | 5.10% | 55.70% | 31.39% | -9.55% | 5.44% |
| 45 | Tulsa, OK | 4.70% | 49.05% | 45.59% | 35.27% | 5.01% |
| 46 | St. Paul, MN | 4.90% | 45.71% | 57.00% | 14.73% | 5.22% |
| 47 | Juneau, AK | 5.50% | 13.36% | 38.41% | 23.87% | 5.86% |
| 48 | Winston-Salem, NC | 5.20% | 29.74% | 36.26% | 31.25% | 5.54% |
| 49 | Atlanta, GA | 5.30% | 33.38% | 38.49% | 14.44% | 5.65% |
| 50 | Tempe, AZ | 5.40% | 34.59% | 37.45% | 18.13% | 5.76% |
| 51 | Kansas City, MO | 5.30% | 42.80% | 40.58% | 15.20% | 5.65% |
| 52 | Spokane, WA | 6.60% | -3.21% | 0.82% | -4.10% | 7.04% |
| 53 | Nashville, TN | 4.50% | 73.41% | 60.68% | 37.62% | 4.80% |
| 54 | Chandler, AZ | 5.30% | 39.31% | 45.28% | 30.69% | 5.65% |
| 55 | Fort Wayne, IN | 5.10% | 53.61% | 43.89% | 35.18% | 5.44% |
| 56 | Cleveland, OH | 6.80% | 12.08% | 1.33% | -18.71% | 7.25% |
| 57 | Greensboro, NC | 5.60% | 31.60% | 40.72% | 33.27% | 5.97% |
| 58 | Des Moines, IA | 5.90% | 29.32% | 25.49% | 28.67% | 6.29% |
| 59 | Huntington, WV | 5.90% | 29.88% | 37.94% | 25.59% | 6.29% |
| 60 | Vancouver, WA | 6.40% | 17.70% | 20.63% | 13.06% | 6.82% |
| 61 | Seattle, WA | 4.80% | 77.82% | 107.50% | -3.95% | 5.12% |
| 62 | Toledo, OH | 6.70% | 28.09% | 4.27% | -8.58% | 7.14% |
| 63 | Chattanooga, TN | 5.60% | 58.21% | 37.93% | 26.39% | 5.97% |
| 64 | Columbia, SC | 5.20% | 47.17% | 62.28% | 62.02% | 5.54% |
| 65 | Virginia Beach, VA | 4.80% | 61.28% | 71.88% | 72.76% | 5.12% |
| 66 | Peoria, AZ | 5.80% | 42.11% | 41.96% | 33.80% | 6.18% |
| 67 | Columbus, OH | 5.70% | 66.12% | 37.12% | 22.10% | 6.08% |
| 68 | Chesapeake, VA | 5.00% | 62.24% | 74.02% | 73.12% | 5.33% |
| 69 | Akron, OH | 6.90% | 31.97% | 13.88% | -4.06% | 7.36% |
| 70 | Charleston, WV | 6.20% | 37.41% | 44.67% | 29.25% | 6.61% |
| 71 | Birmingham, AL | 5.60% | 41.76% | 56.19% | 73.68% | 5.97% |
| 72 | Amarillo, TX | 4.90% | 89.25% | 90.20% | 43.98% | 5.22% |
| 73 | Mesa, AZ | 6.10% | 47.08% | 44.71% | 35.21% | 6.50% |
| 74 | Cedar Rapids, IA | 5.90% | 61.57% | 45.44% | 38.28% | 6.29% |
| 75 | Plano, TX | 5.50% | 77.50% | 75.11% | 30.32% | 5.86% |
| 76 | St. Louis, MO | 6.30% | 50.42% | 51.08% | 23.08% | 6.72% |
| 77 | Indianapolis, IN | 5.60% | 62.60% | 68.55% | 58.64% | 5.97% |
| 78 | Wichita, KS | 5.90% | 62.33% | 56.19% | 41.08% | 6.29% |
| 79 | Washington, DC | 7.00% | 19.90% | 33.78% | 22.59% | 7.46% |
| 80 | Tacoma, WA | 7.30% | 19.77% | 20.42% | 5.72% | 7.78% |
| 81 | Fremont, CA | 5.20% | 79.76% | 82.49% | 62.53% | 5.54% |
| 82 | Fort Lauderdale, FL | 6.10% | 85.64% | 65.94% | -20.77% | 6.50% |
| 83 | Mobile, AL | 6.20% | 35.24% | 53.27% | 61.35% | 6.61% |
| 84 | Anchorage, AK | 6.60% | 31.34% | 53.10% | 29.26% | 7.04% |
| 85 | Salem, OR | 6.20% | 43.18% | 64.85% | 42.91% | 6.61% |
| 86 | Orlando, FL | 5.80% | 94.44% | 70.28% | 2.47% | 6.18% |
| 87 | Rancho Cucamonga, CA | 5.50% | 73.78% | 81.49% | 63.88% | 5.86% |
| 88 | Little Rock, AR | 5.90% | 81.36% | 58.20% | 41.61% | 6.29% |
| 89 | Austin, TX | 5.10% | 105.89% | 100.26% | 43.93% | 5.44% |
| 90 | Lewiston, ME | 5.70% | 75.28% | 87.75% | 45.04% | 6.08% |
| 91 | Fayetteville, NC | 7.10% | 30.44% | 35.46% | 28.70% | 7.57% |
| 92 | Warwick, RI | 6.00% | 83.04% | 54.58% | 39.38% | 6.40% |
| 93 | Irvine, CA | 5.40% | 83.33% | 85.89% | 69.40% | 5.76% |
| 94 | Aurora, IL | 6.80% | 26.01% | 57.63% | 49.58% | 7.25% |
| 95 | Grand Rapids, MI | 6.30% | 41.09% | 75.01% | 59.59% | 6.72% |
| 96 | Montgomery, AL | 5.80% | 59.05% | 76.91% | 92.36% | 6.18% |
| 97 | Phoenix, AZ | 6.60% | 54.36% | 57.75% | 44.94% | 7.04% |
| 98 | Las Cruces, NM | 7.10% | 52.03% | 29.36% | 28.31% | 7.57% |
| 99 | San Jose, CA | 5.60% | 88.22% | 92.74% | 71.71% | 5.97% |
| 100 | Portland, ME | 5.20% | 117.09% | 123.01% | 41.89% | 5.54% |
| 101 | Gulfport, MS | 7.50% | 53.37% | 45.41% | -6.19% | 8.00% |
| 102 | Fresno, CA | 7.90% | 25.65% | 30.68% | 17.86% | 8.42% |
| 103 | Pittsburgh, PA | 7.10% | 60.01% | 48.17% | 29.28% | 7.57% |
| 104 | Jackson, MS | 7.70% | 43.92% | 48.08% | -1.05% | 8.21% |
| 105 | Glendale, AZ | 7.00% | 57.25% | 59.62% | 47.47% | 7.46% |
| 106 | Lubbock, TX | 5.90% | 94.00% | 106.11% | 57.49% | 6.29% |
| 107 | San Francisco, CA | 5.40% | 106.65% | 114.79% | 82.87% | 5.76% |
| 108 | Bakersfield, CA | 8.00% | 33.68% | 28.80% | 19.51% | 8.53% |
| 109 | Santa Rosa, CA | 6.20% | 83.99% | 90.50% | 71.82% | 6.61% |
| 110 | Modesto, CA | 8.00% | 31.87% | 38.67% | 24.17% | 8.53% |
| 111 | Tucson, AZ | 7.40% | 54.66% | 51.91% | 40.79% | 7.89% |
| 112 | Oxnard, CA | 7.60% | 59.59% | 46.90% | 41.30% | 8.10% |
| 113 | Detroit, MI | 9.60% | -7.16% | -1.01% | -6.45% | 10.23% |
| 114 | Garland, TX | 6.50% | 100.91% | 95.91% | 44.28% | 6.93% |
| 115 | Albuquerque, NM | 7.40% | 69.87% | 59.01% | 49.84% | 7.89% |
| 116 | Baltimore, MD | 7.90% | 52.51% | 48.90% | 38.52% | 8.42% |
| 117 | Huntington Beach, CA | 6.30% | 98.54% | 104.64% | 84.09% | 6.72% |
| 118 | San Diego, CA | 6.60% | 90.47% | 95.66% | 76.73% | 7.04% |
| 119 | Casper, WY | 7.60% | 82.69% | 53.12% | 30.36% | 8.10% |
| 120 | Riverside, CA | 7.10% | 75.82% | 80.60% | 65.55% | 7.57% |
| 121 | Henderson, NV | 7.30% | 89.97% | 92.41% | 12.84% | 7.78% |
| 122 | Baton Rouge, LA | 7.50% | 98.16% | 41.86% | 29.25% | 8.00% |
| 123 | Colorado Springs, CO | 6.80% | 111.15% | 110.48% | 23.54% | 7.25% |
| 124 | Irving, TX | 6.60% | 111.21% | 110.60% | 55.29% | 7.04% |
| 125 | Milwaukee, WI | 7.40% | 74.55% | 81.83% | 61.73% | 7.89% |
| 126 | Yonkers, NY | 7.60% | 79.89% | 63.72% | 51.99% | 8.10% |
| 127 | San Antonio, TX | 6.60% | 118.07% | 109.95% | 52.17% | 7.04% |
| 128 | Ontario, CA | 6.90% | 93.38% | 98.99% | 78.06% | 7.36% |
| 129 | Shreveport, LA | 8.10% | 86.02% | 41.32% | 37.65% | 8.63% |
| 130 | Memphis, TN | 8.00% | 83.34% | 59.90% | 43.97% | 8.53% |
| 131 | Portland, OR | 6.90% | 92.08% | 126.07% | 87.45% | 7.36% |
| 132 | El Paso, TX | 7.40% | 104.74% | 95.85% | 50.34% | 7.89% |
| 133 | Arlington, TX | 7.00% | 120.03% | 111.39% | 56.84% | 7.46% |
| 134 | Sacramento, CA | 7.70% | 81.24% | 88.68% | 73.72% | 8.21% |
| 135 | Boston, MA | 6.20% | 122.30% | 121.04% | 134.00% | 6.61% |
| 136 | Newport News, VA | 7.20% | 95.15% | 97.47% | 100.29% | 7.68% |
| 137 | Fort Worth, TX | 7.30% | 112.63% | 113.67% | 49.81% | 7.78% |
| 138 | Oceanside, CA | 7.40% | 91.96% | 105.06% | 85.53% | 7.89% |
| 139 | Providence, RI | 8.60% | 71.76% | 64.76% | 45.08% | 9.17% |
| 140 | Richmond, VA | 7.10% | 102.86% | 113.74% | 111.27% | 7.57% |
| 141 | Santa Ana, CA | 7.00% | 109.23% | 123.05% | 102.91% | 7.46% |
| 142 | Laredo, TX | 7.90% | 108.98% | 90.64% | 45.77% | 8.42% |
| 143 | Dallas, TX | 7.40% | 118.73% | 118.42% | 55.04% | 7.89% |
| 144 | Grand Prairie, TX | 7.40% | 117.71% | 111.45% | 63.90% | 7.89% |
| 145 | Fontana, CA | 7.60% | 99.51% | 108.13% | 78.78% | 8.10% |
| 146 | Oakland, CA | 7.70% | 102.35% | 104.02% | 80.29% | 8.21% |
| 147 | Norfolk, VA | 7.30% | 101.18% | 114.34% | 112.52% | 7.78% |
| 148 | Houston, TX | 8.00% | 113.93% | 101.17% | 46.01% | 8.53% |
| 149 | Stockton, CA | 10.30% | 33.98% | 36.30% | 21.04% | 10.98% |
| 150 | Chula Vista, CA | 7.90% | 108.41% | 100.50% | 83.83% | 8.42% |
| 151 | Corpus Christi, TX | 8.50% | 101.29% | 88.82% | 47.66% | 9.06% |
| 152 | Worcester, MA | 7.60% | 105.18% | 101.66% | 119.57% | 8.10% |
| 153 | Denver, CO | 7.10% | 161.04% | 155.26% | 49.63% | 7.57% |
| 154 | Anaheim, CA | 7.50% | 119.45% | 135.51% | 106.88% | 8.00% |
| 155 | Las Vegas, NV | 8.90% | 103.73% | 107.96% | 20.01% | 9.49% |
| 156 | Aurora, CO | 7.60% | 156.17% | 150.84% | 45.53% | 8.10% |
| 157 | Buffalo, NY | 9.50% | 85.53% | 69.57% | 59.26% | 10.13% |
| 158 | Rochester, NY | 9.80% | 78.39% | 61.98% | 50.50% | 10.45% |
| 159 | Garden Grove, CA | 7.90% | 125.82% | 136.46% | 104.91% | 8.42% |
| 160 | Moreno Valley, CA | 9.10% | 95.45% | 107.73% | 83.57% | 9.70% |
| 161 | Brownsville, TX | 10.40% | 93.45% | 53.89% | 29.15% | 11.09% |
| 162 | Jersey City, NJ | 8.30% | 148.72% | 121.11% | 104.76% | 8.85% |
| 163 | Wilmington, DE | 10.30% | 94.78% | 61.66% | 48.96% | 10.98% |
| 164 | Chicago, IL | 9.00% | 100.90% | 126.70% | 107.53% | 9.59% |
| 165 | North Las Vegas, NV | 10.00% | 115.52% | 115.72% | 23.49% | 10.66% |
| 166 | New Haven, CT | 9.70% | 108.51% | 91.54% | 90.74% | 10.34% |
| 167 | Dover, DE | 10.30% | 123.96% | 69.33% | 30.91% | 10.98% |
| 168 | Philadelphia, PA | 10.60% | 91.49% | 74.55% | 52.67% | 11.30% |
| 169 | Santa Clarita, CA | 9.60% | 132.47% | 106.11% | 93.25% | 10.23% |
| 170 | San Bernardino, CA | 10.60% | 106.41% | 118.62% | 92.96% | 11.30% |
| 171 | Los Angeles, CA | 10.60% | 132.68% | 113.94% | 95.36% | 11.30% |
| 172 | Glendale, CA | 10.30% | 145.97% | 125.14% | 107.77% | 10.98% |
| 173 | New Orleans, LA | 11.00% | 182.39% | 114.94% | 106.12% | 11.73% |
| 174 | Long Beach, CA | 11.50% | 155.20% | 127.03% | 111.55% | 12.26% |
| 175 | Miami, FL | 8.30% | 160.57% | 347.82% | 225.34% | 8.85% |
| 176 | Honolulu, HI | 7.60% | 217.26% | 278.85% | 274.45% | 8.10% |
| 177 | Bridgeport, CT | 13.20% | 105.96% | 92.81% | 83.10% | 14.07% |
| 178 | Newark, NJ | 13.00% | 125.71% | 95.12% | 84.63% | 13.86% |
| 179 | New York, NY | 11.20% | 174.95% | 194.76% | 170.49% | 11.94% |
| 180 | Hialeah, FL | 8.90% | 172.41% | 368.81% | 328.85% | 9.49% |
*Adjusted based on a Bureau of Labor Statistics error that failed to classify people on temporary layoffs as unemployed.
Ask the Experts
The high national rate of unemployment has left many Americans wondering how they will make it through the pandemic. In order to provide insight on how to help the unemployed during this crisis, WalletHub turned to a panel of experts. Click on the experts below to see their bios and responses to the following key questions:
- As the avalanche of claims has overwhelmed state offices, what are some measures local authorities can take to assist the unemployed?
- Given the current state of the economy how long will it take for unemployment rates to return to pre-crisis levels?
- Due to the massive backlog in processing unemployment claims, many have still not received their benefits. What are the best solutions for the population that have not yet begun receiving their payments to make ends meet?
- What can those that are newly unemployed be doing right now?
Ask the Experts
- Christine Moser
Ph.D. – Professor, Associate Director, AEA Summer Training Program, Department of Economics, Western Michigan University
Read More
- David M. Piper
Department Chairperson and Professor, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Read More
- Tuvana Rua
Ph.D. – Associate Professor of Management, School of Business, Quinnipiac University
Read More
- Linda Fisher Thornton
Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Richmond School of Professional and Continuing Studies
Read More
Methodology
In order to determine the cities where unemployment is most impacted by COVID-19, WalletHub compared 180 of the largest cities — including the 150 most populated U.S. cities, plus at least one of the most populated cities in each state — across two categories. In the first category, we compared the change in unemployment for the latest month for which we had data (March 2021) to March 2019, March 2020 and January 2020, in order to show the impact since 2019 and since last year. In the second category, we looked at each city’s overall unemployment rate. We then used the average of those categories to rank-order the cities.
Change in Unemployment - Total Points: 50
- Change in Unemployment in March 2021 vs. March 2019: Full Weight (~16.67 Points)
- Change in Unemployment in March 2021 vs. January 2020: Full Weight (~16.67 Points)
- Change in Unemployment in March 2021 vs. March 2020: Full Weight (~16.67 Points)
Unemployment Rate - Total Points: 50
- Unemployment Rate (March 2021): Full Weight (~50.00 Points)
Sources: Data used to create this ranking were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.