States with the Best & Worst Taxpayer ROI

John S Kiernan, Managing EditorMar 23, 2021

John S Kiernan, Managing Editor
Mar 23, 2021

Tax Day can be a painful reminder of how much we have to invest in federal, state and local governments, though many of us are unaware of exactly what they give us in return. As a result, this creates a disconnect in the minds of taxpayers between the amount of money we should fork over on Tax Day (May 17 this year) – and how much we deserve in return.

Americans have looked at taxes with especially high scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, 74% think the government hasn’t handled their tax dollars wisely during this crisis, according to WalletHub’s Taxpayer Survey. We do know, however, that taxpayer return on investment, or ROI, varies based where one lives. Federal income-tax rates are uniform across the nation, yet some states receive far more federal funding than others. Different states have also received vastly different amounts of COVID-19 aid.

Federal taxes and support are only part of the story, though. Different states have dramatically different tax burdens. This begs the question of whether people in high-tax states receive superior government services. Likewise, are low-tax states more efficient or do they receive low-quality services? In short, where do taxpayers get the most and least bang for their buck?

WalletHub aimed to answer that question by contrasting state and local tax collections with the quality of the services residents receive in each of the 50 states within five categories: Education, Health, Safety, Economy, and Infrastructure & Pollution. Our data set includes a total of 30 key metrics. Read on for our findings, methodology and commentary from a panel of experts.

Table of Contents

Main Findings

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State and Local Taxes Paid vs. Spending Received by State

‘Taxpayer ROI’ Rank (1=Best)	State	‘Total Taxes Paid per Capita’ Rank*	‘Overall Government Services’ Rank
1	New Hampshire	2	9
2	Florida	1	30
3	South Dakota	6	21
4	Virginia	23	3
5	Missouri	3	38
6	Ohio	12	26
7	Texas	7	35
8	Georgia	9	34
9	Nebraska	24	12
10	Tennessee	4	41
11	Colorado	15	27
12	Kentucky	18	23
13	Iowa	32	8
14	Wisconsin	33	6
15	Indiana	22	18
16	Idaho	19	25
17	Utah	36	7
18	South Carolina	5	46
19	Maine	30	13
20	North Carolina	17	32
21	Montana	20	28
22	Rhode Island	31	16
23	Michigan	21	31
24	Alabama	8	45
25	Illinois	29	22
26	Pennsylvania	27	24
27	Arizona	13	43
28	Wyoming	38	14
29	Maryland	40	10
30	Oklahoma	14	42
31	Washington	39	20
32	Kansas	35	29
33	Minnesota	47	1
34	Alaska	10	48
35	Oregon	28	36
36	Massachusetts	42	11
37	West Virginia	25	39
38	New Jersey	41	15
39	Mississippi	16	47
40	Connecticut	46	5
41	Vermont	48	2
42	Louisiana	11	50
43	Arkansas	34	40
44	New York	43	19
45	Nevada	26	44
46	Delaware	44	17
47	North Dakota	50	4
48	New Mexico	37	49
49	California	45	37
50	Hawaii	49	33

*“Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.

artwork 2021 states with the best worst taxpayer roi

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Red States vs. Blue States

blue vs red image tax roi 2021

Detailed Breakdown by State

Overall Gov’t. Services Rank	State	Total Score	Education	Health	Safety	Economy	Infrastructure & Pollution
1	Minnesota	73.24	6	1	10	3	2
2	Vermont	67.96	2	7	6	36	6
3	Virginia	66.31	5	41	8	2	9
4	North Dakota	64.47	24	4	19	12	1
5	Connecticut	64.30	4	10	4	27	34
6	Wisconsin	64.28	1	15	12	14	35
7	Utah	64.27	17	24	13	1	17
8	Iowa	63.83	15	5	14	9	11
9	New Hampshire	63.20	18	9	2	8	38
10	Maryland	62.62	3	17	28	5	7
11	Massachusetts	61.59	13	2	7	32	41
12	Nebraska	59.68	20	21	20	4	8
13	Maine	59.36	32	13	1	34	36
14	Wyoming	59.01	30	35	9	28	3
15	New Jersey	57.63	7	26	3	19	50
16	Rhode Island	57.46	19	8	5	43	39
17	Delaware	56.73	9	31	33	31	4
18	Indiana	56.30	11	29	23	17	16
19	New York	55.99	8	37	15	41	28
20	Washington	55.74	12	22	21	18	33
21	South Dakota	55.46	37	12	29	15	5
22	Illinois	55.43	14	16	25	21	27
23	Kentucky	54.54	25	30	18	29	14
24	Pennsylvania	54.01	22	19	16	38	37
25	Idaho	54.01	48	28	11	11	21
26	Ohio	53.40	31	25	17	25	22
27	Colorado	53.31	33	6	35	13	23
28	Montana	52.21	23	14	38	37	12
29	Kansas	51.66	40	11	37	7	24
30	Florida	51.05	10	38	34	39	31
31	Michigan	50.93	26	18	24	35	43
32	North Carolina	50.07	21	48	32	24	10
33	Hawaii	49.39	27	3	26	49	40
34	Georgia	49.25	28	50	27	6	29
35	Texas	47.93	38	40	39	16	15
36	Oregon	46.67	42	23	31	40	30
37	California	46.50	16	27	36	45	47
38	Missouri	45.58	34	32	42	10	46
39	West Virginia	42.71	44	42	22	46	44
40	Arkansas	42.66	36	36	46	33	13
41	Tennessee	42.24	29	46	45	23	20
42	Oklahoma	42.19	35	43	43	22	45
43	Arizona	41.96	43	39	41	26	42
44	Nevada	40.07	41	33	40	50	19
45	Alabama	39.79	45	49	44	20	25
46	South Carolina	39.63	39	47	47	30	18
47	Mississippi	37.42	47	45	30	44	49
48	Alaska	35.23	50	34	49	42	26
49	New Mexico	34.88	49	20	50	47	32
50	Louisiana	31.80	46	44	48	48	48

Note: With the exception of “Total Score,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the best conditions for that metric category.

Ask the Experts

For more insight into how taxpayer funds are turned into government services as well as how taxpayers can measure the efficiency with which their money is used, we turned to a panel of economics and public-policy experts. You can check out their bios and responses to the following questions below.

Do states with high tax burdens provide better government services?
How can state and local governments use tax revenue more efficiently?
How can average citizens assess the ROI of their local tax dollars?
What's the most common way local governments waste taxpayer dollars?
What are the most efficient ways for local governments to mitigate the fiscal impact of the pandemic?

Ask the Experts

Jeremy Jackson
Ph.D. – Professor, Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics; Director / Center for Public Choice and Private Enterprise – North Dakota State University
Read More

Jason Jolley
Ph.D. – Professor of Rural Economic Development & MPA Director, Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs – Ohio University
Read More

Brian Nakamura
Assistant Professor of the Practice, The Bush School of Government and Public Service – Texas A&M University
Read More

John Kovari
Ph.D. – Associate Professor, Department of Political Science & Public Administration – University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
Read More

William Kusterman
Adjunct Professor, Carlson School of Management – University of Minnesota
Read More

Methodology

In order to determine which states yield the best and worst return on investment (ROI) for taxpayers, WalletHub compared the quality of government services received by residents to the total state and local taxes they pay in each of the 50 states.

First, we analyzed each state across five key government-service categories: 1) Education, 2) Health, 3) Safety, 4) Economy and 5) Infrastructure & Pollution. The categories were further broken down into 30 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the best quality of government service.

We then determined each state’s weighted average across all 30 metrics to calculate its “Overall Government Services Score.”

Finally, we constructed the Taxpayer ROI ranking by comparing each state’s “Overall Government Services Score” to its “Total Taxes Paid per Capita.” “Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.

Education – Total Points: 20

Quality of Public University System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “College & University Rankings.”
Quality of School System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “States with the Best & Worst School Systems” ranking.
Public High-School Graduation Rate: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Projected Public High School Graduation Rate Increase Between 2019-2020 and 2031-2032: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Share of Idle Youth: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Note: This metric refers to people ages 18-24 not attending school, not working, and with no degree beyond high school.
States with School Programs: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Note: This binary metric measures the presence or absence of school programs.
Programs include education savings accounts, school vouchers or tax-credit scholarship programs.
Presence of Free Community College Education: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
State Pre-K Funding per Preschool- Enrolled Children: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)

Health – Total Points: 20

WalletHub “Safest Sates During COVID-19” Score: Triple Weight (~5.45 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “Safest States During COVID-19” ranking.
Hospital Beds per 1,000 Residents: Full Weight (~1.82 Points)
Quality of Public Hospitals: Double Weight (~3.64 Points)
Note: Based on data from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
Average Life Expectancy at Birth (in years): Full Weight (~1.82 Points)
Infant-Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: Full Weight (~1.82 Points)
Average Health-Insurance Premium: Full Weight (~1.82 Points)
Quality of Health Care: Double Weight (~3.64 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “States with the Best & Worst Health Care” ranking.

Safety – Total Points: 20

Violent-Crime Rate per Capita: Double Weight (~10.00 Points)
Property-Crime Rate per Capita: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)
Fatalities per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Economy – Total Points: 20

Median Annual Household Income: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Adjusted for cost of living.
Annual Job-Growth Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
Note: Adjusted for population growth.
Share of Residents Living in Poverty: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
Unemployment Rate: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Underemployment Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)

Infrastructure & Pollution – Total Points: 20

Quality of Roads & Bridges: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
Average Commute Time (in minutes): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Parks & Recreation Expenses per Capita: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
State Highway Spending per Driver: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Water Quality: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Share of Population Who Receive Fluoridated Water Through CWSs (Community Water Systems): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Air Pollution: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)

Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, Campaign for Free College Tuition, National Institute for Early Education Research, Kaiser Family Foundation, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Highway Administration, United Health Foundation, Council for Community and Economic Research, Road Information Program, Federal Bureau of Investigation, EdChoice, Health Resources and Services Administration, County Health Rankings and WalletHub research.

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