States with the Most Underprivileged Children

In an ideal world, all children would live worry-free and have access to their basic needs: nutritious food, a good education, quality health care and a secure home. Emotionally, they all would feel safe and be loved and supported by caring adults. When all such needs are met, children have a better chance of a stable and happy adult life. But in reality, not every child is so privileged — even in the richest nation in the world. Plus, conditions are even harder for underprivileged children this year due to the financial hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the U.S., nearly 1 in 7 children live in poverty. And according to the Children’s Defense Fund, a child is abused or neglected every 47 seconds and the total costs of maltreatment per year reach $80.3 billion.

Some states address the problems of underprivileged children better than others. To determine where children are most disadvantaged, WalletHub compared the 50 states and the District of Columbia across 27 key indicators of neediness. Our data set ranges from the share of children in households with below-poverty income to the child food-insecurity rate to the share of maltreated children.

Main Findings

States with the Most Underprivileged Children

Note: *No. 1 = Most Underprivileged
With the exception of “Total Score,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the worst conditions for that metric category.

Ask the Experts

All children deserve a fulfilling childhood, but not every child will experience one. In order to identify key problem areas and learn how best to address them, we asked a panel of experts to share their thoughts on the following key questions:

1. What are the most efficient and effective programs for equalizing opportunity for children?
2. Are elected officials placing a sufficiently high priority on the needs of underprivileged children? How might recent proposals to cut Medicaid influence health care access for children?
3. In evaluating the best and worst states for underprivileged children, what are the top five indicators?
4. Will the stimulus Child Tax Credit be a big step forward in ending extreme poverty for children and families?

Ask the Experts

Sarah Font
Associate Professor of Sociology – Pennsylvania State University; Department of Sociology and Criminology, Child Maltreatment Solutions Network
Read More

Mark R. Rank
Herbert S. Hadley Professor of Social Welfare, George Warren Brown School of Social Work – Washington University in St. Louis
Read More

Jennifer Baum
Professor of Clinical Legal Education & Director, Child Advocacy Clinic, St. Vincent de Paul Legal Program – St. John's University School of Law
Read More

Lenette Azzi-Lessing
Ph.D. – Clinical Professor of Social Work, Chair, Specialization in Children, Youth, and Families – Boston University School of Social Work
Read More

Methodology

In order to assess the living and economic conditions of children across the nation, WalletHub compared the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia across three key dimensions: 1) Socio-economic Welfare, 2) Health and 3) Education.

We evaluated those dimensions using 27 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the worst conditions for children. Except where noted otherwise, all references to “children” in the metrics below refer to the population aged 0 to 17.

Finally, we determined each state and the District’s weighted average across all metrics to calculate its overall score and used the resulting scores to rank-order our sample.

Socio-economic Welfare – Total Points: 50

• Share of Children in Foster Care: Double Weight (~8.00 Points)
• Share of Children in Single-Parent Families: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
• Share of Children Living with Grandparents & No Parent in the Home: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
• Children in Renter vs. Owner Households: Half Weight (~2.00 Points)
  Note: This metric measures the ratio of children living in renter-occupied housing units to children living in owner-occupied housing units.
• Unaccompanied Homeless Children & Youth Rate: Double Weight (~8.00 Points)
• Share of Children Living in Low-Income Households Where No Adults Work: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
• Share of Children under Age 18 Whose Parents Lack Secure Employment: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
  Note: The share of all children under age 18 in families where no parent has regular, full-time employment.
• Share of Children Living in Households with Below-Poverty Income: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
• Change in the Share of Children Living in Households with Below-Poverty Income: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
• Share of Children Living in Extreme Poverty: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)
  Note: This metric measures the share of children living in families earning incomes less than 250 percent of the federal poverty level.
• Economic Mobility: Full Weight (~4.00 Points)

Health – Total Points: 25

• WalletHub “States that are Recovering the Quickest from COVID-19” Score: Double Weight (~3.57 Points)
  Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “States that are Recovering the Quickest from COVID-19” ranking.
• Share of Maltreated Children: Double Weight (~3.57 Points)
• Share of Adolescents 9th to 12th Grade Who Felt Sad or Hopeless During the Past Year: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
  Note: Students who live in poverty experience a greater degree of adverse experiences, which contributes to mental illness.
• Child Food-Insecurity Rate: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
• Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Births): Double Weight (~3.57 Points)
• Child Death Rate: Double Weight (~3.57 Points)
  Note: Child include the population aged 1 to 14. Death rate is calculated on 100,000 population.
• Share of Children Suffering from Depression: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
• Share of Uninsured Children: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
  Note: “Children” include the population aged 0 to 18.
• Share of Poor Children Lacking All Seven Recommended Vaccines: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
  Note: “Recommended vaccines” include the following: DTaP vaccine; polio vaccine; measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine; varicella (chicken pox) vaccine; hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine; and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). “Poor children” include the population aged 19 to 35 months who live in households with incomes below poverty level.
• Share of Children with Unaffordable Medical Bills: Full Weight (~1.79 Points)
  Note: This metric measures the percentage of children aged 0 to 17 living in families who had problems or were unable to pay for the child’s medical bills.

Education – Total Points: 25

• Public High School Graduation Rate: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
• Public High School Graduation Rate Among Economically Disadvantaged Students: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
• Young Children Not Enrolled in School: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
  Note: “Young Children” include the population aged 3 to 4.
• State Spending per Child Enrolled in Preschool: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
  Note: This metric refers to the amount of all reported funds – local, state, and federal – spent per child participating in pre-K program.
• Quality of Public School System: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
  Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “States with the Best & Worst School Systems” ranking.
• Share of Teens Neither Attending School, Nor Working: Full Weight (~4.17 Points)
  Note: “Teens” include the population aged 16 to 19.

 
Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Education Statistics, National Alliance to End Homelessness, Equality of Opportunity Project, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, National Institute for Early Education Research, Feeding America and WalletHub research.

Supporting Video Files:

• YouTube (for web embedding)
• Raw video files (for editing into clips)