STEM workers are in fierce demand, and not just in the global epicenter of high tech known as Silicon Valley. According to the latest U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics analysis, STEM — science, technology, engineering and math — professions are expected to grow 10.8% between 2021 and 2031, compared to just 4.9% for all other occupations. In addition, the median annual STEM wage is $95,420, compared to $40,120 for all non-STEM occupations.
Given their growing demand, STEM careers today provide some of the most lucrative employment opportunities. They pay higher salaries and boast far fewer threats of unemployment compared with other types of jobs.
To determine the best markets for STEM professionals, WalletHub compared the 100 largest metro areas across 21 key metrics. Our data set ranges from per-capita job openings for STEM graduates to median wage growth for STEM jobs.
Main Findings
Best Cities for STEM Jobs
| Overall Rank | Metro Area* | Total Score | Professional Opportunities | STEM-Friendliness | Quality of Life |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seattle, WA | 70.82 | 1 | 7 | 22 |
| 2 | Austin, TX | 67.33 | 2 | 17 | 10 |
| 3 | Boston, MA | 64.73 | 10 | 1 | 67 |
| 4 | Atlanta, GA | 64.62 | 9 | 14 | 13 |
| 5 | San Francisco, CA | 64.14 | 6 | 2 | 56 |
| 6 | San Jose, CA | 62.83 | 5 | 9 | 39 |
| 7 | Pittsburgh, PA | 62.42 | 21 | 16 | 12 |
| 8 | Minneapolis, MN | 61.42 | 8 | 24 | 18 |
| 9 | Madison, WI | 61.06 | 17 | 26 | 14 |
| 10 | Sacramento, CA | 60.16 | 38 | 5 | 32 |
| 11 | Cincinnati, OH | 59.20 | 30 | 27 | 11 |
| 12 | Salt Lake City, UT | 58.63 | 4 | 34 | 29 |
| 13 | Worcester, MA | 57.73 | 48 | 6 | 37 |
| 14 | Orlando, FL | 57.62 | 27 | 28 | 17 |
| 15 | Raleigh, NC | 57.42 | 11 | 15 | 51 |
| 16 | Washington, DC | 56.18 | 3 | 41 | 48 |
| 17 | Hartford, CT | 56.08 | 7 | 31 | 7 |
| 18 | Tampa, FL | 55.85 | 29 | 33 | 21 |
| 19 | Columbus, OH | 54.84 | 56 | 18 | 25 |
| 20 | Chicago, IL | 54.44 | 68 | 13 | 26 |
| 21 | Denver, CO | 54.10 | 12 | 29 | 55 |
| 22 | Portland, OR | 53.60 | 24 | 42 | 33 |
| 23 | Boise, ID | 53.31 | 50 | 55 | 9 |
| 24 | Springfield, MA | 52.87 | 94 | 4 | 4 |
| 25 | St. Louis, MO | 52.33 | 23 | 44 | 41 |
| 26 | Los Angeles, CA | 51.37 | 90 | 3 | 65 |
| 27 | San Diego, CA | 51.36 | 37 | 22 | 53 |
| 28 | Albuquerque, NM | 51.14 | 33 | 71 | 19 |
| 29 | Dallas, TX | 50.83 | 20 | 25 | 69 |
| 30 | Spokane, WA | 50.19 | 40 | 35 | 38 |
| 31 | Philadelphia, PA | 49.80 | 45 | 21 | 61 |
| 32 | Charlotte, NC | 49.79 | 16 | 49 | 62 |
| 33 | Knoxville, TN | 49.76 | 18 | 53 | 44 |
| 34 | Albany, NY | 49.66 | 15 | 51 | 20 |
| 35 | Houston, TX | 49.56 | 59 | 19 | 58 |
| 36 | Allentown, PA | 49.53 | 65 | 11 | 40 |
| 37 | Baltimore, MD | 49.06 | 25 | 10 | 89 |
| 38 | Colorado Springs, CO | 49.03 | 19 | 87 | 35 |
| 39 | Phoenix, AZ | 48.80 | 36 | 79 | 23 |
| 40 | Des Moines, IA | 48.79 | 22 | 81 | 31 |
| 41 | Harrisburg, PA | 48.56 | 14 | 63 | 15 |
| 42 | Richmond, VA | 48.16 | 13 | 54 | 64 |
| 43 | New York, NY | 47.40 | 58 | 8 | 85 |
| 44 | Rochester, NY | 47.32 | 57 | 37 | 45 |
| 45 | Omaha, NE | 47.31 | 42 | 83 | 30 |
| 46 | Providence, RI | 47.03 | 63 | 32 | 50 |
| 47 | Tucson, AZ | 46.98 | 72 | 56 | 27 |
| 48 | Nashville, TN | 46.69 | 35 | 23 | 80 |
| 49 | New Haven, CT | 46.69 | 41 | 20 | 78 |
| 50 | Greenville, SC | 45.93 | 31 | 61 | 6 |
| 51 | Cleveland, OH | 45.47 | 44 | 30 | 73 |
| 52 | Grand Rapids, MI | 45.36 | 46 | 76 | 28 |
| 53 | Syracuse, NY | 44.44 | 67 | 45 | 5 |
| 54 | Ogden, UT | 43.45 | 26 | 78 | 24 |
| 55 | San Antonio, TX | 43.28 | 77 | 46 | 60 |
| 56 | Dayton, OH | 43.25 | 39 | 82 | 1 |
| 57 | Milwaukee, WI | 43.21 | 54 | 60 | 63 |
| 58 | Palm Bay, FL | 43.19 | 28 | 95 | 8 |
| 59 | Charleston, SC | 43.12 | 32 | 90 | 46 |
| 60 | Kansas City, MO | 43.09 | 60 | 75 | 54 |
| 61 | Bakersfield, CA | 42.96 | 87 | 47 | 57 |
| 62 | Provo, UT | 42.84 | 34 | 59 | 47 |
| 63 | Buffalo, NY | 42.41 | 79 | 43 | 66 |
| 64 | Columbia, SC | 42.26 | 51 | 77 | 52 |
| 65 | Oklahoma City, OK | 42.15 | 62 | 94 | 43 |
| 66 | Honolulu, HI | 41.93 | 75 | 93 | 36 |
| 67 | Jacksonville, FL | 41.81 | 69 | 52 | 68 |
| 68 | El Paso, TX | 41.30 | 93 | 72 | 42 |
| 69 | Las Vegas, NV | 40.14 | 82 | 98 | 34 |
| 70 | Lakeland, FL | 39.79 | 43 | 58 | 71 |
| 71 | Fresno, CA | 39.52 | 81 | 39 | 83 |
| 72 | Wichita, KS | 39.32 | 64 | 57 | 77 |
| 73 | Riverside, CA | 39.28 | 95 | 12 | 93 |
| 74 | McAllen, TX | 39.15 | 71 | 65 | 16 |
| 75 | Miami, FL | 39.07 | 61 | 69 | 75 |
| 76 | Scranton, PA | 39.00 | 80 | 73 | 3 |
| 77 | Toledo, OH | 38.27 | 73 | 68 | 72 |
| 78 | Virginia Beach, VA | 37.67 | 76 | 70 | 74 |
| 79 | Indianapolis, IN | 36.92 | 78 | 40 | 95 |
| 80 | Birmingham, AL | 36.91 | 55 | 74 | 86 |
| 81 | Deltona, FL | 36.64 | 70 | 48 | 97 |
| 82 | Detroit, MI | 36.28 | 49 | 80 | 91 |
| 83 | Greensboro, NC | 36.25 | 53 | 67 | 94 |
| 84 | Oxnard, CA | 36.01 | 92 | 37 | 92 |
| 85 | Akron, OH | 35.97 | 83 | 62 | 81 |
| 86 | Baton Rouge, LA | 35.93 | 66 | 92 | 76 |
| 87 | New Orleans, LA | 35.91 | 91 | 96 | 59 |
| 88 | Louisville, KY | 35.67 | 84 | 91 | 70 |
| 89 | Youngstown, OH | 35.66 | 100 | 64 | 2 |
| 90 | Chattanooga, TN | 35.65 | 52 | 88 | 84 |
| 91 | Stockton, CA | 35.36 | 98 | 36 | 88 |
| 92 | Winston, NC | 35.34 | 74 | 66 | 87 |
| 93 | Tulsa, OK | 34.86 | 89 | 100 | 49 |
| 94 | Bridgeport, CT | 33.43 | 88 | 50 | 96 |
| 95 | North Port, FL | 31.33 | 86 | 85 | 79 |
| 96 | Augusta, GA | 31.18 | 96 | 84 | 82 |
| 97 | Memphis, TN | 30.35 | 47 | 86 | 100 |
| 98 | Little Rock, AR | 29.56 | 85 | 97 | 90 |
| 99 | Cape Coral, FL | 25.45 | 99 | 89 | 98 |
| 100 | Jackson, MS | 22.06 | 97 | 99 | 99 |
*“Metro Area” is a simplified term for Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which was used for our sample.
Note: With the exception of “Total Score,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that metro area, where a rank of 1 represents the best conditions for that metric category.
- Highest
- 1. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
- 2. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA
- 3. San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
- 4. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV
- 5. Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL
- Lowest
- 96. Fresno, CA
- 97. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL
- 98. Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA
- 99. Stockton, CA
- 100. McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX
- Highest
- T-1. McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX
- T-1. Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL
- T-1. Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL
- 4. Fresno, CA
- 5. Ogden-Clearfield, UT
- Lowest
- 96. Tulsa, OK
- 97. Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR
- 98. Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN
- 99. Springfield, MA
- 100. Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC
- Highest
- T-1. Springfield, MA
- T-1. Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH
- T-1. Worcester, MA-CT
- T-4. Salt Lake City, UT
- T-4. Provo-Orem, UT
- T-4. Ogden-Clearfield, UT
- Lowest
- 96. Birmingham-Hoover, AL
- T-97. Tulsa, OK
- T-97. Oklahoma City, OK
- 99. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV
- 100. Albuquerque, NM
- Highest
- 1. San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
- 2. Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX
- 3. Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA
- 4. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA
- 5. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA
- Lowest
- T-60. Stockton, CA
- T-60. Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA
- T-60. Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ
- T-60. Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI
- T-60. Dayton-Kettering, OH
- T-60. Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI
- Highest
- 1. Raleigh-Cary, NC
- 2. Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC
- 3. Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL
- 4. Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX
- 5. Albuquerque, NM
- Lowest
- 96. Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL
- 97. New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA
- 98. Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
- 99. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL
- 100. Urban Honolulu, HI
- Highest
- T-1. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
- T-1. Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC
- T-1. Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA
- 4. New Haven-Milford, CT
- 5. Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ
- Lowest
- 96. Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA
- 97. Provo-Orem, UT
- 98. El Paso, TX
- 99. Jackson, MS
- 100. Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC
- Highest
- 1. Albuquerque, NM
- 2. Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI
- 3. Toledo, OH
- 4. Dayton-Kettering, OH
- 5. Winston-Salem, NC
- Lowest
- 96. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL
- 97. Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL
- 98. Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
- 99. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL
- 100. Urban Honolulu, HI
Ask the Experts
Like all professions, STEM occupations pose challenges to graduates who wish to pursue such careers. For guidance, we asked a panel of experts to share their advice for both job seekers and local governments that stand to benefit from growth in the field. Click on the experts’ profiles to read their bios and responses to the following key questions:
- According to recent census figures, the majority of STEM graduates do not ultimately work in a STEM occupation. Why is that the case?
- How can the U.S. stay ahead of other countries in attracting and training the best STEM professionals?
- How can local authorities make their cities more appealing to STEM graduates and technology companies?
- How can government, employers and educators increase the number of women and minorities in STEM fields?
- How has rising inflation affected the STEM field in terms of education and employment?
Ask the Experts
Ph.D. – Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science – The University of Akron and President, SueZQ, LLC
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Professor and Interim Director of Graduate Studies, Sociology – University of California San Diego
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Ph.D., MAT, MBA, NBCT – Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Education – Clarkson University
Read More
STEM Instructor, Culverhouse College of Business – University of Alabama
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Ph.D. – Professor of Sociology, Department Chair – University of North Dakota
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Office of Research and Innovation (ORI) Faculty Research Fellow; Executive Director, AI Academy; Professor of Science Education, College of Education – North Carolina State University
Read More
Methodology
In order to determine the best job markets for STEM professionals, WalletHub compared the 100 most populated U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) — metro areas, for short — across three key dimensions, “Professional Opportunities”, “STEM-Friendliness” and “Quality of Life.”
We evaluated those dimensions using 21 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the most favorable conditions for STEM professionals. Data for metrics marked with an asterisk (*) were available only at the state level.
Finally, we determined each metro area’s weighted average across all metrics to calculate its overall score and used the resulting scores to rank-order our sample.
Professional Opportunities – Total Points: 33.33
- Job Openings for STEM Graduates per Capita: Double Weight (~6.35 Points)
- Share of Job Postings in Tech: Full Weight (~3.17 Points)
Note: This metric measures the share of job postings in tech out of total postings on Indeed.com. - Share of Workforce in STEM: Double Weight (~6.35 Points)
- STEM Employment Growth (2021 vs. 2019): Double Weight (~6.35 Points)
- Unemployment Rate for Adults with at Least a Bachelor’s Degree: Full Weight (~3.17 Points)
Note: “Adults” include the population aged 25 and older. - Annual Median Wage for STEM Workers: Full Weight (~3.17 Points)
Note: This metric was adjusted for the cost of living. - Average Monthly Earnings for New Employees in STEM Industries: Full Weight (~3.17 Points)
- Median Wage Growth for STEM Workers (2021 vs. 2019): Half Weight (~1.59 Points)
STEM-Friendliness – Total Points: 33.33
- Mathematics Performance*: Full Weight (~5.13 Points)
Note: This metric considers standardized math test scores of fourth and eighth graders. - Number of Best Engineering Schools: Full Weight (~5.13 Points)
Note: This metric measures the number of engineering universities in the top 100 of U.S. News & World Report’s “Best Engineering Schools” ranking. - Quality of Engineering Universities: Full Weight (~5.13 Points)
Note: This metric is based on U.S. News & World Report’s “Best Engineering Schools” score. - Disparity of Women vs. Men in STEM Occupations: Half Weight (~2.56 Points)
- Disparity of Women vs. Men in STEM Field of Degree: Half Weight (~2.56 Points)
- Research & Development (R&D) Spending & Intensity*: Full Weight (~5.13 Points)
- Invention Patents per Capita*: Half Weight (~2.56 Points)
Note: “Invention Patents” refers to state-granted invention patents, including utility, design, plant, and reissue patents. - Tech Meetups per Capita: Half Weight (~2.56 Points)
- Presence of Tech Summer Programs: Half Weight (~2.56 Points)
Note: This binary metric considers the presence or absence of Tech Summer Programs in the cities.
Quality of Life – Total Points: 33.33
- Housing Affordability: Full Weight (~8.33 Points)
Note: This metric was calculated as follows: Annual Median Gross Rent / Annual Median Wage for STEM Workers. - Recreation-Friendliness: Full Weight (~8.33 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “Best & Worst Cities for Recreation” ranking. - Family-Friendliness: Full Weight (~8.33 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “Best & Worst Places to Raise a Family” ranking. - Singles-Friendliness: Full Weight (~8.33 Points)
Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s “Best & Worst Cities for Singles” ranking.
Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Patent and Trademark Office, National Center for Education Statistics, National Science Foundation, Council for Community and Economic Research, Indeed, U.S. News & World Report, Meetup.com, iDTech and WalletHub research.
