Types of Car Insurance

Uninsured motorist property damage insurance covers the cost to repair or replace the policyholder's vehicle or other property if it is damaged in an accident caused by an uninsured or underinsured driver. Seven states and Washington, D.C., require uninsured motorist property damage insurance, and it's optional in others.

Uninsured motorist property damage (UMPD) coverage is meant to replace the property damage liability insurance that an uninsured driver should have purchased. As a result, drivers generally buy uninsured motorist property damage insurance up to the same limits as their property damage liability policy.

UMPD can only be used when the policyholder is not at-fault. In some states, the at-fault driver must be identified in order for UMPD to apply. In others, uninsured motorist property damage coverage will pay for expenses resulting from a hit and run.

UMPD will usually also cover an accident caused by an underinsured driver. In this case, the policyholder would file a claim with their UMPD policy for expenses that exceeded the at-fault driver's property damage liability limits.

Drivers who do not have uninsured motorist property damage coverage can file a collision claim if their car is damaged by an uninsured driver. Collision insurance pays to repair or replace the policyholder's vehicle after an accident, regardless of fault. However, collision is usually more expensive to buy than UMPD, and it often has a higher deductible.

For more information, check out WalletHub's guide to uninsured motorist coverage.

You need enough liability insurance to cover the full value of your assets. Your bodily injury liability coverage should be as much as your net worth, while your property damage liability insurance can be slightly lower since property damage claims are usually less expensive. Purchasing enough liability insurance to cover the value of your assets protects you from financial ruin if you cause a serious car accident.

When to Carry Only the Minimum Liability Coverage

Although almost every state requires drivers to carry liability insurance, the minimum coverage is not always enough to cover the cost of an accident. It's always best to carry as much liability coverage as you can afford, especially if you have a high net worth.

If you don't have many assets or think the risk is worth it, you might be comfortable with carrying only the minimum coverage. But no matter what, make sure you're carrying enough insurance to comply with state law and avoid paying fines for driving uninsured.

Liability Limits on Auto Insurance

Liability limits on auto insurance are the maximum amount that your insurance company will pay for injuries and property damage in accidents that you cause. Liability limits are typically written as three numbers divided by slashes.

For example, Arizona's liability coverage requirements are 50/30/10. That means drivers need to carry $50,000 in bodily injury liability coverage per person, $30,000 in bodily injury liability coverage per accident, and $10,000 in property damage liability coverage overall.

Your insurance company will never pay for anything beyond the limits of your policy. Using the Arizona example, if you cause an accident that leads to $70,000 in medical bills for the other driver, you will have to pay for $40,000 if you are only carrying the minimum insurance required. And if you can't afford to pay the full amount, the other driver can sue, and you can have your assets seized or wages garnished to cover the remainder.

PLPD is shorthand for Personal Liability and Property Damage insurance. PLPD insurance covers injuries and property damage for the other driver if you are found to be at fault in a car accident but it does not reimburse you for your own medical expenses or damage to your own property, however. The term PLPD is most commonly used in Michigan; it is known as “basic liability” in the rest of the nation. Because PLPD auto insurance is mandatory in almost every state, it is the most basic form of car insurance.

PLPD insurance is divided into two groups: personal liability (PL) and property damage (PD).

Personal Liability (PL) Insurance

Personal liability insurance covers medical costs for the victim of an accident. If you are the victim of a crash, the other driver's PLPD will cover your costs. If the other driver is the victim, your PLPD will cover theirs. Also called “bodily injury” coverage, personal liability insurance is often referred to in a split numeric form—$15,000/$25,000, for example. The first number to appear—in this case, $15,000—is the most an insurance policy will pay per person for injury care after an accident. The second number ($25,000 here) refers to the maximum payout per separate accident. The minimum amount of personal liability insurance a motorist must purchase varies by state.

Property Damage (PD) Insurance

Property damage insurance covers the physical damage to other objects caused by your vehicle. The PD portion of PLPD can cover damage to another car, as well as government or personal property. That can include street lamps, landscaping, lawn furniture, or signage. Property damage insurance is usually listed after the two maximum payouts for personal liability. So, for example, if a policy offers $15,000/$25,000/$20,000, the PD coverage is a maximum of $20,000.

PLPD Insurance and Theft

PLPD insurance does not cover theft, as this is considered damage that affects you, not another driver or owner of property you might have damaged with your vehicle. Instead, theft falls under what's known as comprehensive insurance, which addresses any repairs to your car which might take place outside of a collision. That includes hail damage, falling trees, vandalism, and theft. However, even comprehensive insurance will not cover the items stored in your car when it was stolen.

While PLPD does not cover theft, it does provide coverage in the event of an accident. As a result. if you are involved in an accident, and especially if the accident is your fault, the premiums for your PLPD insurance will likely rise. That means it's more important than ever to comparison shop for the best rates. Know what's required in your state, and compare quotes from several insurance companies.

Liability-only insurance is car insurance that pays for other people's injuries or damage to other people's property, but not the policyholder's injuries or property. The term “liability-only car insurance” is used to distinguish policies with basic coverage from those with collision insurance and comprehensive coverage.

Liability insurance is the only type of auto insurance that is mandatory in almost every state. It's split into two main categories of coverage: bodily injury liability and property damage liability.

What Bodily Injury Liability Insurance Covers

• Medical expenses
• Legal fees
• Loss of income
• Pain and suffering
• Funeral costs

What Property Damage Liability Insurance Covers

• Repairs to/replacement of cars
• Repairs to/replacement of items in the car during an accident
• Repairs to/replacement of other property, like a mailbox, fence, or house
• Legal fees
• Loss of income

Liability-only insurance is the least expensive car insurance, since it provides such minimal coverage. However, driving with only liability insurance can lead to expensive bills for your own property or injuries.

Liability-only insurance is not always an option, either. Some states require drivers to carry other types of insurance as well, like uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage (UM/UIM) and Personal Injury Protection (PIP). And if your car is leased or financed, your lender will likely require you to purchase collision and comprehensive insurance.

For tips on whether liability-only insurance is enough for your situation, check out WalletHub's guide on how much car insurance to get.

Comprehensive insurance is worth it if the premium is a small percentage of the car's value. Comprehensive insurance might also be worth it if the policyholder cannot afford to replace the vehicle without comprehensive coverage, or if the car is driven or parked in a particularly risky area.

Although comprehensive insurance is not mandatory in any state, dealerships and lenders frequently require comprehensive insurance, along with collision coverage, on leased or financed cars. In that case, comprehensive insurance is definitely worth it, because failing to meet the lender's or lessor's requirements could result in expensive force-placed insurance or even repossession.

Factors to Consider When Deciding If Comprehensive Insurance Is Worth It

• Your car's age, mileage, and value.
• The cost of comprehensive insurance premiums.
• The risk of theft, vandalism, and natural disasters in your area.
• Your ability to pay for repairs or a replacement vehicle out of pocket.

An old rule of thumb recommended dropping comprehensive coverage when a car was five to six years old or had 100,000 miles. But this rule is now outdated, since newer cars have increased longevity alongside higher repair costs. Now, the standard rule is that comprehensive and collision coverage are both worth buying if the combined premium is less than 10% of the car's value, minus the deductible.

Cost is only one factor, however, so you should also consider how likely you are to file a claim, as well as what would happen to you financially if your car was stolen or destroyed by something other than an accident and you didn't have coverage. For instance, if theft, animal collisions, or natural disasters are particularly common in your area, you are especially likely to need comprehensive insurance. Similarly, even if your comprehensive premium is 15% of your car's value, for example, comprehensive insurance might still be worth it if you rely on the car and can't afford to replace it yourself.

You will need personal injury protection (PIP) insurance if you live in one of the 12 states that require it. Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Utah all require PIP insurance. You may also need PIP if your health insurance has low coverage limits or if you drive with passengers who could hold you responsible for their medical expenses in the event of an accident.

In the 20 states (plus Washington, D.C.) where it is required or offered as optional protection, PIP covers medical expenses for the policyholder and his or her passengers after an accident, no matter who was at fault. However, PIP is not available at all in the 30 other states.

Always check with your insurance company or an agent for specifics on what coverage is required or available in your state before you determine what to include in your policy.

What Does PIP Cover?

• Ambulance fees
• Health insurance deductibles
• Medical treatments
• Surgery
• Rehabilitation
• Prescriptions
• Lost wages
• Home care such as cleaning or child care
• Funeral costs

If you are in a car accident, PIP often works in conjunction with your health insurance coverage. Most health insurance deductibles must be paid before benefits start to be paid out, but your PIP may have a cheaper deductible, or no deductible at all.

How Does PIP Work With MedPay?

PIP insurance may overlap with another kind of car insurance known as Medical Payments, or MedPay. Like PIP, MedPay covers the costs of medical care resulting from of an accident, no matter who was at fault. Also like PIP, MedPay covers injuries to any passengers in your car. However, it does not pay for lost wages, rehabilitation or home-care services, which PIP would cover.

The way PIP and MedPay may work together depends on your state's laws. If you live in one of the 12 states that require PIP, MedPay could be redundant. State limits on PIP vary widely, from $3,000 in Utah to New York's $50,000 requirement. If your state has a low upper limit on PIP, MedPay coverage could act as a beneficial supplement. In a couple states – namely, Maine and New Hampshire – MedPay is used instead of PIP.

In Florida, drivers need two kinds of insurance, $10,000 of personal injury protection (PIP) and $10,000 of property damage liability (PDL). Florida law also requires this car coverage on any vehicle driven in the state for more than 90 days during a 365-day period. That's important because Florida has a large population of “snowbirds,” who live there part of the year and spend part of the year in other states. They may have out-of-state registrations and licenses, but Florida's minimum PIP and PDL insurance requirements apply to them.

Also called Florida no-fault insurance, Florida PIP insurance covers 80% of your medical expenses and 60% of your lost wages, regardless of who causes an accident. PIP coverage also protects you if you are injured in an accident with a motor vehicle while riding in someone else's car, walking, or riding a bike. Property damage liability coverage pays for damage you cause to other people's property in a car crash.

Florida's minimum insurance requirements don't provide much protection, however. You should think about raising the limits and adding other useful coverage. That might include bodily injury liability, collision, medical payment, or uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage.

Florida Car Insurance Requirements

• Personal Injury Protection: $10,000 of coverage is required.
• Property Damage Liability: $10,000 of coverage is required.
• Collision (optional): Pays for repairs to your vehicle even if an accident is your fault.
• Medical Payment (optional): Pays the 20% of medical bills that PIP does not cover, plus amounts over $10,000.
• Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist (optional): Pays your claims if the at-fault driver has little or no liability insurance.
• Bodily Injury Liability (optional): Pays for the other party's medical bills and/or lost income over $10,000 if an accident is your fault. Coverage is commonly $100,000 per person, up to $300,000 per accident.

As a “no-fault” state, Florida allows you to drive legally without bodily injury liability insurance. Each person's own PIP or no-fault insurance pays out for their injuries, no matter who causes an accident. However, Florida's no-fault law is limited. When a victim's injuries are permanent or serious (costing over $10,000 in medical bills and/or lost income), the injured party can sue the at-fault driver for losses. This makes it very smart to carry bodily liability insurance, which will provide you with defense in court and pay these claims up to the policy limit.

It can be tempting to save money by purchasing only the minimum coverage required in Florida. But that can leave you with high out-of-pocket bills if you're ever involved in an accident. Compare quotes on all your insurance options so you can make an informed decision.

The three types of car insurance that are universally offered are liability, comprehensive, and collision insurance. Drivers can still purchase other types of auto insurance coverage, like personal injury protection and uninsured/underinsured motorist, but they are not available in every state.

3 Major Types of Car Insurance 

1. Liability insurance

Liability car insurance is coverage that pays for other people's expenses after accidents that you cause, and there are two components of it. Property damage liability insurance pays for any damage that you cause to someone's property, and bodily injury liability insurance pays for their medical bills.

Liability coverage is the most common type of car insurance. It is required in almost every state.

2. Comprehensive insurance

Comprehensive car insurance pays to repair or replace your vehicle when it is damaged by something other than an accident, such as vandalism or a natural disaster. It is not required in any state, but it is usually mandatory for vehicles that are leased or financed.  

3. Collision insurance

Collision insurance is a type of car insurance that covers damage to your vehicle that is caused by an accident, regardless of who was at fault. It is not required in any state, but it's usually mandatory for vehicles that are leased or financed.  

Other Types of Car Insurance

 In addition to the 3 major types of car insurance – liability, collision and comprehensive – there are several other types of coverage that are less frequently required but still helpful in the right situation, including:

• Personal Injury Protection (PIP): Pays for several different medical-related expenses after an accident, including loss of income and child care.
• Medical Payments (MedPay) Coverage: Covers medical bills after an accident.
• Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Insurance: Pays for your vehicle repairs and medical bills if you are involved in an accident with someone who doesn't have enough insurance coverage.

To learn more, check out WalletHub's guide to the different types of car insurance.

Uninsured motorist coverage costs around $50-$75 annually for bodily injury and property damage coverage. Uninsured motorist coverage (UM) protects the policyholder by paying for injuries or damage resulting from a car accident caused by a driver who doesn't have enough insurance.

Like any type of car insurance, uninsured motorist premiums vary based on the policyholder's risk factors. How much coverage you purchase will also affect the cost of UM. Similarly, uninsured motorist premiums are higher in states with more uninsured drivers because of the additional risk.

Even if uninsured motorist coverage is not required in your state, it is an inexpensive coverage option that might be worth it depending on your circumstances.

Yes, you need collision insurance if your car is leased or financed. Collision insurance is not required by any state laws, but most lessors and lenders require drivers to have it until the car is paid off. Even if you're not required to have collision insurance, you should still purchase it if you cannot afford to pay for damage to your vehicle after an accident.

Collision insurance pays to repair or replace your car after an accident, regardless of who is at fault. If you cause an accident, collision coverage is the only way to have your repair costs covered by insurance. Even if you are not at fault for an accident, you can file a collision claim to pay for your repairs while you wait for a final determination of fault. Your insurance company will then recoup your costs from the other driver's liability insurance.

A general rule of thumb is that if your collision insurance premium is more than 10% of your car's value, you can consider dropping the coverage. However, this is just a general guideline. If you can't afford to pay out of pocket to repair or replace your car after an accident, then you should continue to carry collision insurance. You should also keep it if your car is particularly valuable or you live in a high-traffic area where you are more likely to get into an accident.